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<jats:p>This study included patients with sTBI at the Neurointensive Care Unit at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. The injury was regarded as severe if patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale\u2009\u2264\u20098 corresponding to Reaction Level Scale\u2009\u2265\u20094. CSF was collected from a ventricular catheter during a 2-week period. Concentrations of NfL and GFAP in CSF were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess the 1-year and 10\u201315-year outcomes. After adjustment for age and previous neurological diseases, logistic regression was performed for the outcomes GOS 1 (dead) or GOS 2\u20135 (alive) and GOS 1\u20133 (poor) or GOS 4\u20135 (good) versus the independent continuous variables (NfL and GFAP).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty-three patients with sTBI were investigated; forty-seven adults are presented in the article, and six children (aged 7\u201318 years) are described in Supplement 1. The CSF concentrations of NfL gradually increased over 2 weeks post trauma, whereas GFAP concentrations peaked on days 3\u20134. Increasing NfL and GFAP CSF concentrations increased the odds of GOS 1\u20133 outcome 1 year after trauma (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07\u20132.80, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025; and OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.09\u20132.37, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016, respectively). Similarly, increasing CSF concentrations of NfL and GFAP increased the odds for GOS 1\u20133 outcome 10\u201315 years after trauma (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.05\u20133.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035; and OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.02\u20132.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study shows that initial high concentrations of NfL and GFAP in CSF are both associated with higher odds for GOS 1\u20133 outcome 1 year and 10\u201315 years after an sTBI, implicating its potential usage as a prognostic marker in the future.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-01998-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T17:02:07Z","timestamp":1716224527000},"page":"813-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Acute-Phase Neurofilament Light and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid Predict Long-Term Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8163-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"\u00d6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keti","family":"Dalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Nellg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70164-9","volume":"7","author":"AI Maas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. 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Kaj Blennow has served as a consultant, at advisory boards, or at data monitoring committees for Abcam, Axon, Biogen, JOMDD\/Shimadzu. Julius Clinical, Lilly, MagQu, Novartis, Pharmatrophix, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens Healthineers, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05138692.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Registration"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration. The University Hospital Medical Ethics Committee, Gothenburg, Sweden, approved the initial study protocol (S-161 00) as well as a supplementary application for the secondary assessment (438-15). Informed written consent was obtained from each patient or next of kin.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval\/Informed Consent"}}]}}