{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:28:35Z","timestamp":1788982115647,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["K23NS114201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS114201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:58:49Z","timestamp":1759334329000},"page":"656-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-World Antiseizure Medication Prophylaxis and Outcomes in Hospitalized Adults with Acute Brain Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Bento","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Brandon","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar F.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2345_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1376","volume":"24","author":"M Mauritz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mauritz M, Hirsch LJ, Camfield P, et al. Acute symptomatic seizures: an educational, evidence-based review. Epileptic Disord. 2022;24(1):26\u201349.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2345_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5420","volume":"79","author":"J Laing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laing J, Gabbe B, Chen Z, Perucca P, Kwan P, O\u2019Brien TJ. Risk factors and prognosis of early posttraumatic seizures in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(4):334\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2345_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60628-9","volume":"10","author":"JP Z\u00f6llner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z\u00f6llner JP, Misselwitz B, Kaps M, et al. National institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) on admission predicts acute symptomatic seizure risk in ischemic stroke: a population-based study involving 135,117 cases. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3779.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2345_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000407","volume":"53","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association, et al. 2022 guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022;53(7):e282-361.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"2345_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344-418.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"2345_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01713-5","volume":"39","author":"MM Treggiari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Treggiari MM, Rabinstein AA, Busl KM, et al. Guidelines for the neurocritical care management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2023;39(1):1\u201328.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01907-x","volume":"40","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Gilmore EJ, Johnson EL, et al. Guidelines for seizure prophylaxis in adults hospitalized with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2024;40(3):819\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.7461\/jcen.2015.17.3.166","volume":"17","author":"SJ Yoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoon SJ, Joo JY, Kim YB, Hong CK, Chung J. Effects of prophylactic antiepileptic drugs on clinical outcomes in patients with a good clinical grade suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2015;17(3):166\u201372.","journal-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000141936.36596.1e","volume":"36","author":"AM Naidech","year":"2005","unstructured":"Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36(3):583\u20137.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"2345_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003272","volume":"46","author":"AM Naidech","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naidech AM, Beaumont J, Muldoon K, et al. Prophylactic seizure medication and health-related quality of life after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):1480\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01387-x","volume":"36","author":"SF Zafar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zafar SF, Rosenthal ES, Postma EN, et al. Antiseizure medication treatment and outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing continuous EEG monitoring. Neurocrit Care. 2022;36(3):857\u201367.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01128.x","volume":"38","author":"GA Baker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baker GA, Jacoby A, Buck D, Stalgis C, Monnet D. Quality of life of people with epilepsy: a European study. Epilepsia. 1997;38(3):353\u201362.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8948","key":"2345_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90581-2","volume":"345","author":"MJ Brodie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW, UK Lamotrigine\/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995;345(8948):476\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"2345_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345667.45642.61","volume":"72","author":"P Perucca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perucca P, Carter J, Vahle V, Gilliam FG. Adverse antiepileptic drug effects: toward a clinically and neurobiologically relevant taxonomy. Neurology. 2009;72(14):1223\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2345_CR15","first-page":"117","volume":"25","author":"B Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen B, Vespa PM. Antiseizure medications in critical care: an update. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25(2):117\u201325.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2345_CR16","unstructured":"PINC AI Healthcare Data: Data That Informs and Performs White paper (PINC AI Applied Sciences, Premier Inc 2021)."},{"key":"2345_CR17","unstructured":"PINC AI Healthcare Database: Data That Informs and Performs White paper (PINC AI Applied Sciences, Premier Inc 2024)."},{"issue":"48","key":"2345_CR18","first-page":"2","volume":"25","author":"L Scott","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scott L. SunHealth, AmHS\/Premier to merge. Mod Healthc. 1995;25(48):2\u20133.","journal-title":"Mod Healthc"},{"issue":"26","key":"2345_CR19","first-page":"6","volume":"33","author":"C Becker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Becker C. Time to pay for quality. CMS will partner with Premier in trial project to give financial bonuses to hospitals that deliver the best care. Mod Healthc. 2003;33(26):6\u20137.","journal-title":"Mod Healthc"},{"key":"2345_CR20","unstructured":"Fisher B, Lindenauer P, Feudtner C. Pharmacoepidemiology. 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2012."},{"key":"2345_CR21","unstructured":"American Hospital Association. Table 3.1: trends in inpatient utilization in community hospitals, 1995\u20132016. US Census Bureau. July 1, 2016."},{"key":"2345_CR22","unstructured":"Rights (OCR) O for C. Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule [Internet]. HHS.gov. 2012. Accessed November 21, 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"2345_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041895","volume":"353","author":"PK Lindenauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K, Mamidi DK, Gutierrez B, Benjamin EM. Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):349\u201361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2345_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707571","volume":"358","author":"S Schneeweiss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schneeweiss S, Seeger JD, Landon J, Walker AM. Aprotinin during coronary-artery bypass grafting and risk of death. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(8):771\u201383.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2345_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f5416","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5416","volume":"347","author":"BT Bateman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bateman BT, Bykov K, Choudhry NK, et al. Type of stress ulcer prophylaxis and risk of nosocomial pneumonia in cardiac surgical patients: cohort study. BMJ. 2013;347:f5416.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2345_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g4022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4022","volume":"348","author":"E Patorno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patorno E, Neuman MD, Schneeweiss S, Mogun H, Bateman BT. Comparative safety of anesthetic type for hip fracture surgery in adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2014;348:g4022.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2345_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix319","volume":"65","author":"R Hasbun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasbun R, Rosenthal N, Balada-Llasat JM, et al. Epidemiology of meningitis and encephalitis in the United States, 2011\u20132014. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(3):359\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2345_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000001043","volume":"42","author":"R Amerineni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amerineni R, Sun H, Fernandes MB, et al. Real-world continuous EEG utilization and outcomes in hospitalized patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2025;42(1):20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2345_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, STROBE Initiative. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2345_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135834","volume":"10","author":"N McCormick","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCormick N, Bhole V, Lacaille D, Avina-Zubieta JA. Validity of diagnostic codes for acute stroke in administrative databases: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135834.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"2345_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1849801","volume":"34","author":"J Warwick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warwick J, Slavova S, Bush J, Costich J. Validation of ICD-10-CM surveillance codes for traumatic brain injury inpatient hospitalizations. Brain Inj. 2020;34(13\u201314):1763\u201370.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"6","key":"2345_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","volume":"173","author":"H Quan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(6):676\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2345_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2345_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28158-2","volume-title":"Modeling discrete time-to-event data","author":"G Tutz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tutz G, Schmid M. Modeling discrete time-to-event data. Berlin: Springer; 2016."},{"issue":"12","key":"2345_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780091214","volume":"9","author":"RB D\u2019Agostino","year":"1990","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, Anderson K, Kannel WB. Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med. 1990;9(12):1501\u201315.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2345_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12881","volume":"74","author":"M Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee M, Feuer EJ, Fine JP. On the analysis of discrete time competing risks data. Biometrics. 2018;74(4):1468\u201381.","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:57:50Z","timestamp":1775491070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02345-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"S.F.Z. is supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) K23NS114201, R01NS131347, R01AG082693, R01NS126282. S.F.Z. is a clinical neurophysiologist for Corticare and has received speaker honoraria from Marinus and royalties from Springer, all unrelated to this work. L.M. is supported by funding from the NIH (1K08AG053380-01A1, 1R01AG062282-01) and the Epilepsy Foundation (Epilepsy Learning Healthcare System) and is the director of the Data Coordinating Center. M.B.W. is supported by the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research and American Federation for Aging Research (Breakthroughs in Gerontology Grant), American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation (Strategic Research Award), Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Department of Defense through a subcontract from Moberg ICU Solutions, Inc; and NIH (1R01NS102190, 1R01NS102574, 1R01NS107291, 1RF1AG064312). M.B.W. is a co-founder, scientific advisor, and consultant to and has personal equity interest in Beacon Biosignals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article is in compliance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting checklist. The article has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. The retrospective study adheres to ethical guidelines and was approved by the Massachusetts General Brigham Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}