{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T19:49:52Z","timestamp":1794426592161,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:32:05Z","timestamp":1763145125000},"page":"427-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early Versus Late Initiation of Chemical Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Adult Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Brij S.","family":"Karmur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-3510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M. H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","volume":"130","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1080\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2404_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","volume":"21","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(11):1004\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2404_CR3","first-page":"233","volume":"54","author":"CP Carroll","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carroll CP, Cochran JA, Price JP, Guse CE, Wang MC. The AIS-2005 revision in severe traumatic brain injury: mission accomplished or problems for future research? Ann Adv Automot Med. 2010;54:233\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Adv Automot Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.12.004","volume":"193","author":"K Denson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Denson K, Morgan D, Cunningham R, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg. 2007;193(3):380\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.12.004.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31817fdf1c","volume":"66","author":"DA Reiff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reiff DA, Haricharan RN, Bullington NM, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Rue LW. Traumatic brain injury is associated with the development of deep vein thrombosis independent of pharmacological prophylaxis. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2009;66(5):1436\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e31817fdf1c.","journal-title":"J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000307","volume":"77","author":"EJ Valle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valle EJ, Van Haren RM, Allen CJ, et al. Does traumatic brain injury increase the risk for venous thromboembolism in polytrauma patients? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(2):243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000000307.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000643","volume":"6","author":"JF Rappold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rappold JF, Sheppard FR, Carmichael Ii SP, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the trauma intensive care unit: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee Clinical Consensus Document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2021;6(1):e000643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000643.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"2404_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.5794","author":"JP Byrne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byrne JP, Witiw CD, Schuster JM, et al. Association of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after neurosurgical intervention for traumatic brain injury with thromboembolic complications, repeated neurosurgery, and mortality. JAMA Surg. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.5794.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000686","volume":"6","author":"NK Dhillon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhillon NK, Hashim YM, Berezin N, et al. Characterizing the delays in adequate thromboprophylaxis after TBI. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2021;6(1):e000686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000686.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2017.06.003","volume":"97","author":"MA Vella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vella MA, Crandall ML, Patel MB. Acute management of traumatic brain injury. Surg Clin N Am. 2017;97(5):1015\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2017.06.003.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0614-9","volume":"30","author":"KM Sauro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauro KM, Soo A, Kramer A, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in neurocritical care patients: are current practices, best practices? Neurocrit Care. 2019;30(2):355\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-018-0614-9.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002580","volume":"88","author":"PJ Spano 2nd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spano PJ 2nd, Shaikh S, Boneva D, Hai S, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Anticoagulant chemoprophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injuries: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(3):454\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000002580.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382","volume":"223","author":"JP Byrne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byrne JP, Mason SA, Gomez D, et al. Timing of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: a propensity-matched cohort study. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;223(4):621-631.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1045-y","volume":"43","author":"VM Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu VM, Alvi MA, Rovin RA, Kasper EM. Clinical outcomes following early versus late pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2020;43(3):861\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-018-1045-y.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.02.027","volume":"213","author":"T Scudday","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scudday T, Brasel K, Webb T, et al. Safety and efficacy of prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;213(1):148\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.02.027.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318265cab9","volume":"73","author":"ME Kwiatt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwiatt ME, Patel MS, Ross SE, et al. Is low-molecular-weight heparin safe for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injury? A Western Trauma Association multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(3):625\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318265cab9.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003985","volume":"95","author":"AM Ratnasekera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ratnasekera AM, Kim D, Seng SS, et al. Early VTE prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: a propensity score weighted EAST multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(1):94\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003985.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O\u2019Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0221-y","volume":"24","author":"P Nyquist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nyquist P, Bautista C, Jichici D, et al. Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in neurocritical care patients: an evidence-based guideline: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(1):47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-015-0221-y.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003475","volume":"92","author":"BK Yorkgitis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yorkgitis BK, Berndtson AE, Cross A, et al. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma\/American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma clinical protocol for inpatient venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;92(3):597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003475.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4655-2","volume":"43","author":"MB Skrifvars","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skrifvars MB, Bailey M, Presneill J, et al. Venous thromboembolic events in critically ill traumatic brain injury patients. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):419\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-016-4655-2.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2404_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.08.012","volume":"43","author":"BP Strollo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strollo BP, Bennett GJ, Chopko MS, Guo WA. Timing of venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2018;43:75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.08.012.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5194","volume":"35","author":"JA Huijben","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huijben JA, van der Jagt M, Cnossen MC, et al. Variation in blood transfusion and coagulation management in traumatic brain injury at the intensive care unit: a survey in 66 Neurotrauma Centers Participating in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury Study. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(2):323\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2017.5194.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2404_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2024.2339357","author":"BZ Borbas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borbas BZ, Whitfield P, King N. The safety of early pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with traumatic intracranial haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Neurosurg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688697.2024.2339357.","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2404_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.7.JNS232697","author":"BA Dengler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dengler BA, Haight T, Fu A, Hafeez SJ, Cirivello M, Bartanusz V. Safety of early chemoprophylaxis for venous thromboembolism after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. A military traumatic brain injury initiative study. J Neurosurg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.7.JNS232697.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2024-001691","volume":"10","author":"ML Forte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Forte ML, Brandt S, Claussen AM, Tignanelli CJ, Shah S, Butler M. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in adults with acute traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2025;10(2):e001691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2024-001691.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"2404_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","volume":"355","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4919.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7650","key":"2404_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2404_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-9-199705010-00007","volume":"126","author":"HJ McQuay","year":"1997","unstructured":"McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(9):712\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-126-9-199705010-00007.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7028","key":"2404_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7028.426","volume":"312","author":"G Chatellier","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chatellier G, Zapletal E, Lemaitre D, Menard J, Degoulet P. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful nomogram in its proper context. BMJ. 1996;312(7028):426\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.312.7028.426.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002359","volume":"266","author":"E Benjamin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benjamin E, Recinos G, Aiolfi A, Inaba K, Demetriades D. Pharmacological thromboembolic prophylaxis in traumatic brain injuries: low molecular weight heparin is superior to unfractionated heparin. Ann Surg. 2017;266(3):463\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002359.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-016-0280-8","volume":"25","author":"BA Dengler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dengler BA, Mendez-Gomez P, Chavez A, et al. Safety of chemical DVT prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury with invasive monitoring devices. Neurocrit Care. 2016;25(2):215\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-016-0280-8.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"2404_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2024.04.075","volume":"300","author":"A Elkbuli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elkbuli A, Watts E, Patel H, et al. National analysis of outcomes for adult trauma patients with isolated severe blunt traumatic brain injury following venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. J Surg Res. 2024;300:165\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2024.04.075.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2404_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.06.016","volume":"291","author":"DM Filiberto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Filiberto DM, Byerly S, Lenart EK, Fischer PE, Kerwin AJ. Body mass index and pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res. 2023;291:245\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2023.06.016.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2404_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.09.032","volume":"175","author":"LD Hachem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hachem LD, Mansouri A, Scales DC, Geerts W, Pirouzmand F. Anticoagulant prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism following severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study and systematic review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;175:68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.09.032.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.07.048","volume":"223","author":"DA Jakob","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jakob DA, Benjamin ER, Recinos G, Cremonini C, Lewis M, Demetriades D. Venous thromboembolic pharmacological prophylaxis in severe traumatic acute subdural hematomas: early prophylaxis is effective and safe. Am J Surg. 2022;223(5):1004\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.07.048.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004383","volume":"97","author":"PL Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson PL, Dualeh SHA, Ward AL, et al. Association of timing and agent for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury on venous thromboembolism events, mortality, neurosurgical intervention, and discharge disposition. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(4):590\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000004383.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200207000-00008","volume":"53","author":"J Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim J, Gearhart MM, Zurick A, Zuccarello M, James L, Luchette FA. Preliminary report on the safety of heparin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after severe head injury. J Trauma-Inj Infect Crit Care. 2002;53(1):38\u201342.","journal-title":"J Trauma-Inj Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.136846","volume":"7","author":"L Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim L, Schuster J, Holena D, Sims C, Levine J, Pascual J. Early initiation of prophylactic heparin in severe traumatic brain injury is associated with accelerated improvement on brain imaging. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2014;7(3):141\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2700.136846.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31820b5d22","volume":"70","author":"DM Koehler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koehler DM, Shipman J, Davidson MA, Guillamondegui O. Is early venous thromboembolism prophylaxis safe in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma-Inj Infect Crit Care. 2011;70(2):324\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e31820b5d22.","journal-title":"J Trauma-Inj Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2404_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481307901019","volume":"79","author":"M Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin M, Davis JV, Wong DT. Evaluation of heparin prophylaxis protocol on deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in traumatic brain injury. Am Surg. 2013;79(10):1050\u20133.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.93102","volume":"5","author":"S Mohseni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohseni S, Talving P, Lam L, Chan LS, Ives C, Demetriades D. Venous thromboembolic events in isolated severe traumatic brain injury. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5(1):11\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2700.93102.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"2404_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.042","volume":"57","author":"A Seifi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seifi A, Dengler B, Martinez P, Godoy DA. Pulmonary embolism in severe traumatic brain injury. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;57:46\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.042.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2404_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05072-1","volume":"43","author":"P Stormann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stormann P, Osinloye W, Freiman TM, Seifert V, Marzi I, Lustenberger T. Early chemical thromboprophylaxis does not increase the risk of intracranial hematoma progression in patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury. World J Surg. 2019;43(11):2804\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05072-1.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2404_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2105951","volume":"36","author":"P Stormann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stormann P, Osinloye W, Verboket RD, et al. Early start of thromboprophylaxis does not increase risk of intracranial hematoma progression in multiply injured patients with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2022;36(8):1046\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2022.2105951.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"5","key":"2404_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004007","volume":"95","author":"YT Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu YT, Chien CY, Matsushima K, et al. Early venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with trauma intracranial hemorrhage: analysis of the prospective multicenter consortium of leaders in traumatic thromboembolism study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(5):649\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000004007.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/000313482008600433","volume":"86","author":"EO Yeates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeates EO, Grigorian A, Schubl SD, et al. Chemoprophylaxis and venous thromboembolism in traumatic brain injury at different trauma centers. Am Surg. 2020;86(4):362\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000313482008600433.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-023-02299-5","volume":"50","author":"F Condon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Condon F, Grigorian A, Russell D, Demetriades D. Venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in geriatric trauma patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50(1):197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-023-02299-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2404_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111523","volume":"55","author":"AM Ratnasekera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ratnasekera AM, Seng SS, Kim D, et al. Propensity weighted analysis of chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis agents in isolated severe traumatic brain injury: an EAST sponsored multicenter study. Injury. 2024;55(9):111523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111523.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"2404_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001321","volume":"82","author":"JP Byrne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Byrne JP, Geerts W, Mason SA, et al. Effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent pulmonary embolism following major trauma: a propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(2):252\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000001321.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2 SUPPL. 1","key":"2404_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182606327","volume":"73","author":"HA Phelan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phelan HA, Eastman AL, Madden CJ, et al. TBI risk stratification at presentation: a prospective study of the incidence and timing of radiographic worsening in the Parkland Protocol. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(2 SUPPL. 1):S122\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182606327.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2404_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.108224","volume":"128","author":"MM Gearhart","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gearhart MM, Luchette FA, Proctor MC, et al. The risk assessment profile score identifies trauma patients at risk for deep vein thrombosis. Surgery. 2000;128(4):631\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2000.108224.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2404_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000137138.40116.6c","volume":"240","author":"MM Knudson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knudson MM, Ikossi DG, Khaw L, Morabito D, Speetzen LS. Thromboembolism after trauma: an analysis of 1602 episodes from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank. Ann Surg. 2004;240(3):490\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.sla.0000137138.40116.6c. (discussion 496-8).","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2404_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707301121","volume":"73","author":"OP Sharma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharma OP, Oswanski MF, Joseph RJ, et al. Venous thromboembolism in trauma patients. Am Surg. 2007;73(11):1173\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000313480707301121.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2404_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02909-4","volume":"51","author":"PDM Niessen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Niessen PDM, Krijnen P, Leijdesdorff HA, Peul WC, Schipper IB. Interpreting traumatic brain injury severity: analysis of the correlation between Glasgow coma scale and abbreviated injury scale. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025;51(1):239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-025-02909-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2404_CR56","volume-title":"Glasgow coma scale","author":"S Jain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jain S, Margetis K, Iverson LM. Glasgow coma scale. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2025."}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:57:52Z","timestamp":1775491072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-025-02404-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"BSK, JAM, AAL, and AHK do not have any conflicts to disclose. MMHY is a paid consultant by Stryker and Johnson and Johnson MedTech outside of this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No ethics application approval was sought because there was no primary patient contact or patient data sought for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval\/Informed Consent"}},{"value":"This study was registered to PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024602947).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Registration"}}]}}