{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:51:29Z","timestamp":1785775889970,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2009700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2009700"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing Science and Technology Development Foundation","award":["YKK22219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKK22219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:19:50Z","timestamp":1785773990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Value of Sympathetic Skin Response for Identifying Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyue","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14757","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14757","volume":"30","author":"X Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Song W. An update on noninvasive neuromodulation in the treatment of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024;30:e14757.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2618_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2024.101838","volume":"67","author":"DMF Driessen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Driessen DMF, Utens CMA, Ribbers PGM, van Erp WS, Heijenbrok-Kal MH. Short-term outcomes of early intensive neurorehabilitation for prolonged disorders of consciousness: a prospective cohort study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2024;67:101838.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2618_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113695","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1113695","volume":"17","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Zhang X, Sun X, et al. Functional networks in prolonged disorders of consciousness. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1113695.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2618_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30574","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030574","volume":"101","author":"S Jang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jang S, Kwon H. Relationship between hyperhidrosis and hypothalamic injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101:e30574.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2618_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01643-5","volume":"47","author":"J Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun J, Miao Y, Wang P, et al. Decreased levels of hydrogen sulfide in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contribute to sympathetic hyperactivity induced by cerebral infarction. Hypertens Res. 2024;47:1323\u201337.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2618_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236873","author":"P Surathi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Surathi P, Sher J, Obaydou N, Pergament KM. Sepsis or sympathetics? Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after pontine stroke. BMJ Case Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-236873.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2618_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1399-y","volume":"19","author":"A Totikov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt SB, Rollnik JD. Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study. BMC Neurol. 2019;19:162.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2380460","volume":"38","author":"S Bansal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bansal S, Chakrabarti D, Krishnakumar M, et al. The correlation between the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and plasma catecholamine levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2024;38:1212.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2618_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.10.018","author":"MM van Eijck","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Eijck MM, Sprengers MOP, Oldenbeuving AW, de Vries J, Schoonman GG, Roks G. The use of the PSH-AM in patients with diffuse axonal injury and autonomic dysregulation: a cohort study and review. J Crit Care. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.10.018.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2618_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1482002","author":"S Samuel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samuel S, Lee M, Brown RJ, Choi HA, Baguley IJ. Incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following traumatic brain injury using assessment tools. Brain Inj. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2018.1482002.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2618_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9021-3","author":"IJ Baguley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baguley IJ, Heriseanu RE, Cameron ID, Nott MT, Slewa-Younan S. A critical review of the pathophysiology of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-007-9021-3.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"2618_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713845","author":"RA Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott RA, Rabinstein AA. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Semin Neurol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713845.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04322.x","author":"KA Kirk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kirk KA, Shoykhet M, Jeong JH, et al. Dysautonomia after pediatric brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04322.x.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1391","author":"LQ Lv","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lv LQ, Hou LJ, Yu MK, et al. Prognostic influence and magnetic resonance imaging findings in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1391.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2618_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.995229","author":"HE Hinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinson HE, Puybasset L, Weiss N, et al. Neuroanatomical basis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a diffusion tensor imaging analysis. Brain Inj. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02699052.2014.995229.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2618_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101644","volume":"46","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Lee KH, Moon JY, Kim YC. Prevalence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46:196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2618_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.709114","author":"X Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin X, Chen C, Liu Y, et al. Peripheral nerve conduction and sympathetic skin response are reliable methods to detect diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.709114.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2618_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51795","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Cheng H, Zhang Y, et al. Skin sympathetic nerve activity as a biomarker for outcomes in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51795.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000963","volume":"41","author":"M Mondelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mondelli M, Aretini A. Sympathetic skin response in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2024;41:271\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2618_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S405495","volume":"16","author":"W Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen W, Chen Y, Ye W, Wang T. A preliminary study on sympathetic skin response in acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Int J Gen Med. 2023;16:1581\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"2618_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.5.536","author":"BT Shahani","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shahani BT, Halperin JJ, Boulu J, Cohen J. Sympathetic skin response--a method of assessing unmyelinated axon dysfunction in peripheral neuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.47.5.536.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2618_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-003-0107-5","author":"R Vetrugno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vetrugno R, Liguori L, Cortelli P, Montagna P. Sympathetic skin response: basic mechanisms and clinical applications. Clin Auton Res. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-003-0107-5.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"2618_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24962","volume":"81","author":"S Wannez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wannez S, Heine L, Thonnard M, Gosseries O, Laureys S. The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol. 2017;81:883\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1566832","volume":"33","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang J, Schnakers C, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). Brain Inj. 2019;33:529\u201333.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2618_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3301","volume":"31","author":"IJ Baguley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baguley IJ, Perkes IE, Fernandez-Ortega JF, Rabinstein AA, Dolce G, Hendricks HT. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: consensus on conceptual definition, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31:1515\u201320.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2618_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.243.11","volume":"243","author":"S Godo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Godo S, Irino S, Nakagawa A, et al. Diagnosis and management of patients with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following acute brain injuries using a consensus-based diagnostic tool: a single institutional case series. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2017;243:11\u20138.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2618_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"neur.2024.0003","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2024.0003","volume":"5","author":"JE Podell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Podell JE, Moffet EW, Bodanapally UK, Pajoumand M, Silva LM, Hu P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging lesions associated with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury. Neurotrauma Reports. 2024;5(1):neur.2024.0003.","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Reports"},{"key":"2618_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107046","volume":"126","author":"C Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie C, He P, Gan R, et al. Differential diagnosis value of sympathetic skin response and cutaneous silent period on early-stage multiple system atrophy and Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2024;126:107046.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2618_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5963","volume":"36","author":"LF Lucca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucca LF, Pignolo L, Leto E, Ursino M, Rogano S, Cerasa A. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity rate in vegetative or minimally conscious state after acquired brain injury evaluated by paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity assessment measure. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36:2430\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2618_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.577128","author":"JY Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang JY, Wang MY, Liu RP, et al. Association analyses of autonomic dysfunction and sympathetic skin response in motor subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.577128.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00561-x","author":"SY Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu SY, Zhang Q, Li CX. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: an integrative review of diagnostic and management challenges. Neurol Ther. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00561-x.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2618_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713845","volume":"40","author":"RA Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott RA, Rabinstein AA. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Semin Neurol. 2020;40:485\u201391.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2618_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.03.038","volume":"106","author":"A Barra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barra A, Bodien YG, Tan CO, Martens G, Malone C, Giacino JT. Behavioral fluctuation in disorders of consciousness: a retrospective analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2025;106:1505\u201313.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2618_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-230130","volume":"54","author":"A Estraneo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Estraneo A, Briand MM, No\u00e9 E. Medical comorbidities in patients with prolonged disorder of consciousness: a narrative review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2024;54:61\u201373.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2618_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.024","volume":"99","author":"A Estraneo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estraneo A, Loreto V, Masotta O, Pascarella A, Trojano L. Do medical complications impact long-term outcomes in prolonged disorders of consciousness? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99:2523-31.e3.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2618_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm037","author":"V Donadio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Donadio V, Liguori R, Elam M, et al. Arousal elicits exaggerated inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity in phobic syncope patients. Brain. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm037.","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:19:51Z","timestamp":1785773991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["2618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-026-02618-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University (2022-03-047-k01). For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval\/Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"No artificial intelligence (AI) tools or large language models (LLMs) were used at any stage of this work, including but not limited to idea generation, literature search, data analysis, writing, or language editing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial Intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}