{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T23:04:51Z","timestamp":1762643091460,"version":"3.27.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastrointest Canc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) include tobacco\/alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, and pancreatic cysts. Despite these well-established risk factors and the screening of high-risk individuals, some people still develop PDAC. This study aims to explore a potential risk factor for PDAC by investigating the association between fungal toxins (FT) and environmental toxins (ET) and the disease. We predicted that individuals with PDAC would have higher levels of these toxins compared to healthy controls. The rationale behind this hypothesis is that exposure to FT and ET might contribute to the development of PDAC by elevating cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A pilot retrospective cohort study was conducted at Moffitt Cancer Center from 2022 to 2023. This study compared FT and ET levels, demographic data, and PDAC features between subjects with PDAC and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Forty subjects were enrolled in the study, comprising 20 with pancreatic  ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 20 healthy controls. Baseline  demographics were similar between the two groups. Among the PDAC  subjects, the most common tumor location was the head of the pancreas  (55%); 30% had locally advanced disease, 45% were borderline resectable,  and 10% had metastatic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Compared to the controls, subjects with PDAC had significantly higher levels  of fungal toxins (FTs) including ochratoxin, gliotoxin, and citrinin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).  Additionally, PDAC patients had significantly elevated levels of  environmental toxins (ETs) such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), xylene,  styrene, acrylonitrile, perchlorate, diphenyl phosphate, bromopropane,  organophosphates, acrolein, tiglylglycine, and diethylphosphate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that subjects with PDAC, without other risk factors,  have higher FT and ET levels than controls. Further studies are needed to  evaluate whether ET and FT exposure can be clinically utilized as a risk  factor for PDAC development.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-024-01125-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T23:02:31Z","timestamp":1729206151000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elevated Urinary Levels of Fungal and Environmental Toxins in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Vanessa I.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Mammadova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Permuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjuli","family":"Luthra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saraswathi","family":"Cappelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mokenge P.","family":"Malafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Hallmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaffer R.S.","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1125_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i2.173","volume":"15","author":"P Sarantis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarantis P, Koustas E, Papadimitropoulou A, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. 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