{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:25:09Z","timestamp":1790900709075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastrointest Canc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1762319947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Moeinipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliasghar","family":"Moeinipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein Alizadeh","family":"Shourab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Ghods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Faridnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Hooshang","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savarino V, Tosetti C, Benedetto E, Compare D, Nardone G. Appropriateness in prescribing PPIs: a position paper of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE) - Study section \u201cDigestive Diseases in Primary Care\u201d. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:894\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2018.07.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.07.004"},{"key":"1328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.10.007","volume":"37","author":"V Savarino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savarino V, Dulbecco P, de Bortoli N, et al. The appropriate use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): need for a reappraisal. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;37:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.10.007.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"1328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.25259\/ANAMS-2023-7-1-(968)","volume":"60","author":"V Balivada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balivada V, Koraykar RM. A narrative review on rebound acid hypersecretion due to long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci. 2024;60:113\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Natl Acad Med Sci"},{"key":"1328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03534-z","volume":"79","author":"LGT Shanika","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shanika LGT, Reynolds A, Pattison S, Braund R. Proton pump inhibitor use: systematic review of global trends and practices. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;79:1159\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13023","volume":"123","author":"PF Haastrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haastrup PF, Thompson W, S\u00f8ndergaard J, Jarb\u00f8l DE. Side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: a review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;123:114\u201321.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"1328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13737","volume":"32","author":"LH Eusebi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eusebi LH, Rabitti S, Artesiani ML, et al. Proton pump inhibitors: risks of long-term use. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:1295\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1328_CR7","unstructured":"\u0160ahinovi\u0107 I, Borzan V, Fija\u010dko M, \u0160eri\u0107 V. Proton pump inhibitor therapy causes increased chromogranine A concentration.  9 kongres hrvatskog dru\u0161tva za medicinsku biokemiju i laboratorijsku medicinu (HDMBLM); 2018. p. S96\u2013S7."},{"key":"1328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.34172\/AIM.33366","volume":"28","author":"MS Ozsoy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozsoy MS, Erol CI, Aydemir MA, et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: does tumor location affect prognosis? Arch Iran Med. 2025;28:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/AIM.33366.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"1328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frilling A, \u00c5kerstr\u00f6m G, Falconi M, Pavel M, Ramos J, Kidd M, Modlin IM. Neuroendocrine tumor disease: an evolving landscape. Endocrine-related cancer. 2012;19:R163\u201385.","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0024"},{"key":"1328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClellan K, Chen EY, Kardosh A, Lopez CD, Del Rivero J, Mallak N, Rocha FG, Koethe Y, Pommier R, Mittra E, Pegna GJ. Therapy resistant gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancers. 2022;14:4769.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194769"},{"key":"1328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balachandran A, Fleming JB, Callender GG, Krishnan S, Yao JC. Chapter 13 - Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In: Silverman PM, editor. Oncologic imaging: a multidisciplinary approach. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2012. p. 193\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2232-1.00013-9"},{"key":"1328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Domenico A, Pipinikas CP, Maire RS, et al. Epigenetic landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours reveals distinct cells of origin and means of tumour progression. Commun Biol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-020-01479-y.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01479-y"},{"key":"1328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon T, Riemer P, Jarosch A, et al. DNA methylation reveals distinct cells of origin for pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Genome Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13073-022-01018-W.","DOI":"10.1186\/S13073-022-01018-W"},{"key":"1328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124750","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24750","volume":"4","author":"Z Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu Z, Wang L, Dai S, et al. Epidemiologic trends of and factors associated with overall survival for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:2124750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24750.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramage JK, Davies AH, Ardill J, Bax N, Caplin M, Grossman A, Hawkins R, McNicol AM, Reed N, Sutton R, Thakker R. Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours. Gut. 2005;54:iv1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.053314"},{"key":"1328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e4641","volume":"249","author":"KY Bilimoria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Wayne JD, et al. Small bowel cancer in the United States: changes in epidemiology, treatment, and survival over the last 20 years. Ann Surg. 2009;249:63\u201371.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"1328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105","volume":"97","author":"IM Modlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 2003;97:934\u201359.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4377","volume":"26","author":"JC Yao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after \u201ccarcinoid\u201d: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3063\u201372.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01185.x","volume":"102","author":"IM Modlin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Modlin IM, Champaneria MC, Chan AKC, Kidd M. A three-decade analysis of 3,911 small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors: the rapid pace of no progress. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1464\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu M, Wei L, Liu W, et al. Trends in incidence and survival in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: a SEER database analysis, 1977\u20132016. frontiersin.org. 2023;13 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FONC.2023.1079575\/FULL","DOI":"10.3389\/FONC.2023.1079575\/FULL"},{"key":"1328_CR21","first-page":"84","volume":"53","author":"BW Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim BW, Lee BI, Kim HK, et al. Influence of long-term gastric acid suppression therapy on the expression of serum gastrin, chromogranin A, and ghrelin. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2009;53:84\u20139.","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S-291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(20)31422-0","volume":"158","author":"NP Karnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karnik NP, Yang Z, Kochman ML, et al. Sa1150 can long term use of proton pump inhibitors lead to gastric neuroendocrine tumor development? Gastroenterology. 2020;158:S-291.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta SR, Channen L, Habr F. S5192 Gastric neuroendocrine tumor induced by long-term PPI use.\u00a0Am J Gastroenterol | ACG. 2024;119:S3251.","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0001050136.43514.a9"},{"key":"1328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14220","volume":"77","author":"VQ Trinh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trinh VQ, Shi C, Ma C. Gastric neuroendocrine tumours from long-term proton pump inhibitor users are indolent tumours with good prognosis. Histopathology. 2020;77:865\u201376.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S-305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)37582-1","volume":"156","author":"A Tatsuguchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tatsuguchi A, Hoshino S, Kawami N, et al. Sa1200\u2013hypergastrinemia secondary to long-term proton pump inhibitor treatment does not cause neuroendocrine tumor in stomach. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:S-305.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1290","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201610001-02549","volume":"111","author":"SS Patwardhan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patwardhan SS, Basil A, Meunier R, et al. Is long-term PPI use associated with the development of gastric neuroendocrine tumors?: 2549. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:S1290.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2535.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/S00464-005-0232-4","volume":"19","author":"N Hodgson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hodgson N, Koniaris LG, Livingstone AS, Franceschi D. Gastric carcinoids: a temporal increase with proton pump introduction. Surg Endosc. 2005;19:1610\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00464-005-0232-4.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"1328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213326.86992.98","volume":"30","author":"SH Merchant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merchant SH, VanderJagt T, Lathrop S, Amin MB. Sporadic duodenal bulb gastrin-cell tumors: association with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1581\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"1328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto-Sol\u00eds R, Romano-Munive AF, de Anda KS, Barreto-Zu\u00f1iga R. Factors related to gastric neuroendocrine tumors. Revista de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico (English Edition). 2019;84:52\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rgmxen.2018.06.007"},{"key":"1328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corsello A, Di Filippo L, Massironi S, et al. Vasostatin-1: a novel circulating biomarker for ileal and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. PLoS ONE. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0196858.","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0196858"},{"key":"1328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulvirenti A, Rao D, Mcintyre CA, Gonen M, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Fleisher M, Ramanathan LV, Reidy-Lagunes D, Allen PJ. Limited role of Chromogranin A as clinical biomarker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Hpb. 2019;21:612\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2018.09.016"},{"key":"1328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/HIS.14220","volume":"77","author":"VQH Trinh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trinh VQH, Shi C, Ma C. Gastric neuroendocrine tumours from long-term proton pump inhibitor users are indolent tumours with good prognosis. Histopathology. 2020;77:865\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/HIS.14220.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rais R, Trikalinos NA, Liu J, Chatterjee D. Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia\u2013associated gastric neuroendocrine tumors may arise in the setting of proton pump inhibitor use: the need for a new clinicopathologic category.\u00a0Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022;146:366\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/arpa.2020-0315-OA","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0315-OA"},{"key":"1328_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logan K, Shi C. Clinicopathologic features of non\u2013type 1\/2 gastric neuroendocrine tumors and their associated mucosal changes.\u00a0Am J Clin Pathol.\u00a02023;160:130\u20136.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqad021"},{"key":"1328_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baekdal J, Krogh J, Klose M, Holmager P, Langer SW, Oturai P, Kjaer A, Federspiel B, Hilsted L, Rehfeld JF, Knigge U. Limited diagnostic utility of chromogranin A measurements in workup of neuroendocrine tumors. Diagnostics. 2020;10:881.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110881"},{"key":"1328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.627444","volume":"47","author":"CS Jianu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jianu CS, Lange OJ, Viset T, et al. Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma after long-term use of proton pump inhibitor. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:64\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365521.2011.627444.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.12998\/WJCC.V9.I27.7973","volume":"9","author":"H K\u00f6seo\u011flu","year":"2021","unstructured":"K\u00f6seo\u011flu H, Duzenli T, Sezikli M. Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9:7973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/WJCC.V9.I27.7973.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"1328_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahn E, Baek Y, Park JE, et al. Elevated prevalence and treatment of sleep disorders from 2011 to 2020: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study in Korea. bmjopen.bmj.com E Ahn, Y Baek, JE Park, S Lee, HJ Jin\u200fBMJ open, bmjopen.bmj.com. 2024;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2023-075809","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2023-075809"},{"key":"1328_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/S41423-019-0339-5","volume":"17","author":"A Takahashi-Kanemitsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Hatakeyama M. Molecular anatomy and pathogenic actions of Helicobacter pylori CagA that underpin gastric carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17:50\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41423-019-0339-5.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1328_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvete O, Reyes J, Zu\u00f1iga S, Paumard-Hern\u00e1ndez B, Fern\u00e1ndez V, Bujanda L, Rodriguez-Pinilla MS, Palacios J, Heine-Su\u00f1er D, Banka S, Newman WG. Exome sequencing identifies ATP4A gene as responsible of an atypical familial type I gastric neuroendocrine tumour.\u00a0Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:2914\u201322.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv054"},{"key":"1328_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1242\/DMM.025890\/VIDEO-2","volume":"9","author":"O Calvete","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calvete O, Varro A, Pritchard DM, et al. A knockin mouse model for human ATP4aR703C mutation identified in familial gastric neuroendocrine tumors recapitulates the premalignant condition of the human disease and suggests new therapeutic strategies. DMM Disease Models and Mechanisms. 2016;9:975\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/DMM.025890\/VIDEO-2.","journal-title":"DMM Disease Models and Mechanisms"},{"key":"1328_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brusselaers N, Kamal H (khodir), Graham D, Engstrand L. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review, evidence synthesis and life course epidemiology perspective. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2025;12:e001719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJGAST-2024-001719","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJGAST-2024-001719"},{"key":"1328_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1007\/S10620-023-08018-9","volume":"68","author":"S Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan S, Thrift AP, Akhdar G, El-Serag HB. Gastric cancer risk in patients with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies. Dig Dis Sci. 2023;68:3732\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10620-023-08018-9.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1328_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21020662","volume":"21","author":"DM McCarthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCarthy DM. Proton pump inhibitor use, hypergastrinemia, and gastric carcinoids\u2014what is the relationship? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS21020662.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1328_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/J.GASTRO.2023.12.022","volume":"166","author":"YC Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen YC, Malfertheiner P, Yu HT, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and incidence of gastric cancer between 1980 and 2022. Gastroenterology. 2024;166:605\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/J.GASTRO.2023.12.022.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1328_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagao S, Yabuuchi Y, Tanaka K, Morihisa Y, Kobayashi T, Akiyama S, Tanke G, Wada M, Morita S, Inoue S, Hobyung C. Multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors associated with long-term use of a proton pump inhibitor and a potassium-competitive acid blocker.\u00a0Intern Med. 2024;63:2001\u201310.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2857-23"},{"key":"1328_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patwardhan SS, Basil A, Meunier R, Patel B, Wang X, Cave DR. Is Long-term PPI use associated with the development of gastric neuroendocrine tumors?: 2549.\u00a0Am J Gastroenterol | ACG. 2016;111:S1290.","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201610001-02549"},{"key":"1328_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta SR, Channen L, Habr F. S5192 Gastric neuroendocrine tumor induced by long-term PPI use.\u00a0Am J Gastroenterol | ACG. 2024;119:S3251.","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0001050136.43514.a9"},{"key":"1328_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreasi V, Partelli S, Manzoni M, Muffatti F, Colombo B, Corti A, Falconi M. Association between preoperative Vasostatin-1 and pathological features of aggressiveness in localized nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNET). Pancreatology. 2019;19:57\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2018.11.005"},{"key":"1328_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waldum HL, Fossmark R. Proton pump inhibitors and gastric cancer: a long expected side effect finally reported also in man\u200f. gut.bmj.com\u200fHL Waldum, R Fossmark\u200fGut, gut.bmj.com. 2018;67:199\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/GUTJNL-2017-315629","DOI":"10.1136\/GUTJNL-2017-315629"},{"key":"1328_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1054426","volume":"50","author":"F Cavalcoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cavalcoli F, Zilli A, Conte D, et al. Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms and proton pump inhibitors: fact or coincidence? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:1397\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365521.2015.1054426.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1328_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1245\/S10434-023-14712-9","volume":"31","author":"C Sok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sok C, Ajay PS, Tsagkalidis V, et al. Management of gastric neuroendocrine tumors: a review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2024;31:1509\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/S10434-023-14712-9.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"1328_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fossmark R, Martinsen TC, Bakkelund KE, et al. ECL-cell derived gastric cancer in male cotton rats dosed with the H2-blocker loxtidine\u200f. aacrjournals.org\u200fR Fossmark, TC Martinsen, KE Bakkelund, S Kawase, HL Waldum\u200fCancer Research, aacrjournals.org. 2004;64:3687\u20133693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-3647","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-3647"},{"key":"1328_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raina N, Rani R, Thakur V, et al. New insights in topical drug delivery for skin disorders: from a nanotechnological perspective\u200f. ACS Publications\u200fN Raina, R Rani, VK Thakur, M Gupta\u200fACS omega, ACS Publications. 2023;8:19145\u201319167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.2C08016+7","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.2C08016+7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:19:15Z","timestamp":1762319955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-025-01328-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-6628","1941-6636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-6628","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-6636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article is a systematic review based on previously published data. No new studies with human participants or animals were conducted by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study is a systematic review and did not involve direct participation of human subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"214"}}