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Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:29\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1476_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00079-6","volume":"22","author":"T Conroy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conroy T, Bosset JF, Etienne PL, Rio E, Francois E,Nebout NM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:702\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1476_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005799","volume":"278","author":"EA Dijkstra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dijkstra EA, Nilsson PJ, Hospers GAP, Bahadoer RR, Kranenberg EMK, Roodvoets AGH, et al. Locoregional failure during and after short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy and surgery compared with long-course chemoradiotherapy and surgery: a 5-year follow-up of the RAPIDO trial. Ann Surg. 2023;278:766\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"1476_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.06.019","volume":"35","author":"T Conroy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conroy T, Castan F, Etienne PL, Rio E, Nebout NM, Evesque L et al. Total neoadjuvant therapy with mFOLFIRINOX versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: long-term results of the UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23 trial. Annals Oncol 2024;35:873.","journal-title":"Annals Oncol"},{"key":"1476_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01667","volume":"40","author":"J Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin J, Tang Y, Hu C, Jian LM, Jiang J, Li N, et al. Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of short -term radiotherapy plus chemotherapy versus long term chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (STELLAR). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:1681\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1476_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.03.011","volume":"147","author":"MJM Van der Valk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van der Valk MJM, Marijnen CAM, van Etten B, Dijkstra EA, Hilling DE, Kranenbarg EMK, et al. Compliance and tolerability of short-course radiotherapy followed by preoperative chemotherapy and surgery for high-risk rectal cancer \u2013Results of the international randomized RAPIDO-trial. Radiother Oncol. 2020;147:75\u201383.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"1476_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.04.035","volume":"123","author":"MD Tanaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tanaka MD, Glimelius B, Hospers GAP, Krannenbarg EMK, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, et al. Acute and late radiation-related toxicity after treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer with intensity modulated radiation therapy compared with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the RAPIDO trial. 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Total neoadjuvant treatment using short-course radiotherapy and four CAPOX cycles in locally advanced rectal cancer with high-risk criteria for recurrence: a Swedish nationwide cohort study (LARCT-US). eClinical Med. 2024;75:102771.","journal-title":"eClinical Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01476-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01476-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01476-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:54:23Z","timestamp":1777618463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01476-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01476-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-6636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-6636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Nil.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimers"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Context:\n                      .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Key Objectives:","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The outcomes reported by studies evaluating total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT) in rectal cancers are excellent. However, the feasibility and implementation of such elaborate regimens in real world settings can be challenging.Here we aim to share our initial experience with the implementation the RAPIDO regimen in locally advanced rectal cancers.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Knowledge generated:","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Since 2021, we have been treating locally advanced rectal cancer patients with TNT using the RAPIDO protocol.Our patients seemed to have slightly more advanced disease at presentation. In patients who adhered to the protocol, outcomes were comparable to those reported in the RAPIDO trial.Compliance with surgery remains an issue and needs to be addressed with better counselling and structured solutions for stringent follow ups.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Relevance:","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The RAPIDO protocol in a real world setting is feasible and can provide excellent results, however we need measures in place to improve compliance with the surgical component of the total neoadjuvant treatment.","order":10,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"104"}}