{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:14:32Z","timestamp":1788524072127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gastrointest Canc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:21:03Z","timestamp":1788520863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumor-Agnostic and Histology-Tuned Targeted Therapies in Gastrointestinal Cancers: NTRK and RET Fusions and the Evolving Role of Molecular Basket Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Sagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koshi","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-4070","volume":"25","author":"L Marcus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marcus L, Lemery SJ, Keegan P, Pazdur R. FDA approval summary: pembrolizumab for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:3753\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-4070.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1586_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to dostarlimab-gxly for dMMR advanced solid tumors. Published August 17, 2021. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-dostarlimab-gxly-dmmr-advanced-solid-tumors"},{"key":"1586_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30445-9","volume":"21","author":"A Marabelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, Shah M, Shapira-Frommer R, Nakagawa K, et al. Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1353\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30445-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR4","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves larotrectinib for solid tumors with NTRK gene fusions. Published November 26, 2018. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/fda-approves-larotrectinib-solid-tumors-ntrk-gene-fusions-0"},{"key":"1586_CR5","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants traditional approval to selpercatinib for locally advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive solid tumors. Published July 14, 2026. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-grants-traditional-approval-selpercatinib-locally-advanced-or-metastatic-ret-fusion-positive"},{"key":"1586_CR6","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. TAFINLAR (dabrafenib) prescribing information: BRAF V600E mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic solid tumors and limitations of use. Revised March 2024. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/202806s029%2C217514s002lbl.pdf"},{"key":"1586_CR7","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki for unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive solid tumors. Published April 5, 2024. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-fam-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-nxki-unresectable-or-metastatic-her2"},{"key":"1586_CR8","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to repotrectinib for adult and pediatric patients with NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors. Published June 13, 2024. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-repotrectinib-adult-and-pediatric-patients-ntrk-gene-fusion"},{"key":"1586_CR9","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA expands pediatric indication for entrectinib and approves new pellet formulation. Published October 20, 2023. Accessed August 22, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-expands-pediatric-indication-entrectinib-and-approves-new-pellet-formulation. The page notes the initial tumor-agnostic NTRK approval in August 2019."},{"key":"1586_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-021-00206-y","volume":"5","author":"CB Westphalen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Westphalen CB, Krebs MG, Le Tourneau C, Sokol ES, Maund SL, Wilson TR, et al. Genomic context of NTRK1\/2\/3 fusion-positive tumours from a large real-world population. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2021;5:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-021-00206-y.","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101744","volume":"36","author":"M Nagasaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nagasaka M, Brazel D, Baca Y, Xiu J, Al-Hallak MN, Kim C, et al. Pan-tumor survey of RET fusions as detected by next-generation RNA sequencing identified RET fusion-positive colorectal carcinoma as a unique molecular subset. Transl Oncol. 2023;36:101744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101744.","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115338","volume":"220","author":"C Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi C, Shen L, Andre T, Chung HC, Cannon TL, Garralda E, et al. Efficacy and safety of larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2025;220:115338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115338.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"1586_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30856-3","volume":"21","author":"DS Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong DS, DuBois SG, Kummar S, Farago AF, Albert CM, Rohrberg KS, et al. Larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive solid tumours: a pooled analysis of three phase 1\/2 clinical trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:531\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30856-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714448","volume":"378","author":"A Drilon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:731\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1714448.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1586_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908075","volume":"381","author":"S Kopetz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, Van Cutsem E, Desai J, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1632\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1908075.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3suppl","key":"1586_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.746","volume":"42","author":"V Subbiah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subbiah V, Drilon AE, Sukrithan V, Spira AI, Robinson B, Deschler-Baier B, et al. Durable efficacy of selpercatinib in patients with RET fusion-positive solid tumors, with a focus on GI tumors: LIBRETTO-001. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(3suppl):746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.746. [Conference abstract].","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.05.013","volume":"54","author":"A Sartore-Bianchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sartore-Bianchi A, Agostara AG, Patelli G, Mauri G, Pizzutilo EG, Siena S. Application of histology-agnostic treatments in metastatic colorectal cancer. Dig Liver Dis. 2022;54:1291\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2022.05.013.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"1586_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.07.730","volume":"35","author":"CB Westphalen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Westphalen CB, Martins-Branco D, Beal JR, Cardone C, Coleman N, Schram AM, et al. The ESMO Tumour-Agnostic Classifier and Screener (ETAC-S): a tool for assessing tumour-agnostic potential of molecularly guided therapies and for steering drug development. Ann Oncol. 2024;35:936\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.07.730.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2017699","volume":"383","author":"T Andre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andre T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt C, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2207\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2017699.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1586_CR20","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to zenocutuzumab-zbco for NRG1 fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Published December 4, 2024. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-zenocutuzumab-zbco-non-small-cell-lung-cancer-and-pancreatic"},{"key":"1586_CR21","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves zenocutuzumab-zbco for advanced, unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Published May 8, 2026. Accessed August 3, 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-approves-zenocutuzumab-zbco-advanced-unresectable-or-metastatic-cholangiocarcinoma"},{"key":"1586_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0113-0","volume":"15","author":"E Cocco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cocco E, Scaltriti M, Drilon A. NTRK fusion-positive cancers and TRK inhibitor therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:731\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-018-0113-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2019.101911","volume":"81","author":"AY Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li AY, McCusker MG, Russo A, Scilla KA, Gittens A, Arensmeyer K, et al. RET fusions in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev. 2019;81:101911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2019.101911.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"1586_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2405008","volume":"392","author":"AM Schram","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schram AM, Goto K, Kim DW, Macarulla T, Hollebecque A, O\u2019Reilly EM, et al. Efficacy of zenocutuzumab in NRG1 fusion-positive cancer. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:566\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2405008.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1586_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmogo.2024.100084","volume":"5","author":"M Svrcek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Svrcek M, Cayre A, Samaille T, Colle R, Mas L, Bourgoin P, et al. High prevalence of NTRK fusions in sporadic dMMR\/MSI metastatic colorectal cancer RAS\/RAF wild-type: an opportunity for a post-immune checkpoint inhibitor progression rescue strategy. ESMO Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;5:100084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmogo.2024.100084.","journal-title":"ESMO Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-022-03302-x","volume":"480","author":"I Ukkola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ukkola I, Nummela P, Kero M, Tammio H, Tuominen J, Kairisto V, et al. Gene fusions and oncogenic mutations in MLH1-deficient and BRAF V600E wild-type colorectal cancers. Virchows Arch. 2022;480:807\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-022-03302-x.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"1586_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3126","volume":"79","author":"E Cocco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cocco E, Benhamida J, Middha S, Zehir A, Mullaney K, Shia J, et al. Colorectal carcinomas containing hypermethylated MLH1 promoter and wild-type BRAF\/KRAS are enriched for targetable kinase fusions. Cancer Res. 2019;79:1047\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3126.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1586_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.037","volume":"156","author":"AD Singhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singhi AD, George B, Greenbowe JR, Chung J, Suh J, Maitra A, et al. Real-time targeted genome profile analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas identifies genetic alterations that might be targeted with existing drugs or used as biomarkers. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:2242\u2013e22534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.037.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1586_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0191","volume":"25","author":"MR Jones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jones MR, Williamson LM, Topham JT, Lee MKC, Goytain A, Ho J, et al. NRG1 gene fusions are recurrent, clinically actionable gene rearrangements in KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:4674\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0191.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1586_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30109-1","volume":"21","author":"GK Abou-Alfa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, Vaccaro G, Melisi D, Al-Rajabi R, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:671\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30109-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0324-7","volume":"33","author":"JP Solomon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solomon JP, Linkov I, Rosado A, Mullaney K, Rosen EY, Frosina D, et al. NTRK fusion detection across multiple assays and 33,997 cases: diagnostic implications and pitfalls. Mod Pathol. 2020;33:38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41379-019-0324-7.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"1586_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz204","volume":"30","author":"C Marchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marchio C, Scaltriti M, Ladanyi M, Iafrate AJ, Bibeau F, Dietel M, et al. ESMO recommendations on the standard methods to detect NTRK fusions in daily practice and clinical research. Ann Oncol. 2019;30:1417\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdz204.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-03128","author":"JM Cleary","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cleary JM, Springfeld C, Arnold D, Hollebecque A, Gbolahan O, Nagasaka M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zenocutuzumab in advanced NRG1 fusion-positive cholangiocarcinoma: results from the eNRGy phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO-25-03128.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-023-02345-7","volume":"28","author":"Y Naito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naito Y, Mishima S, Akagi K, Hayashi N, Hirasawa A, Hishiki T, et al. Japanese Society of Medical Oncology\/Japan Society of Clinical Oncology\/Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology-led clinical recommendations on the diagnosis and use of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors in adult and pediatric patients with neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusion-positive advanced solid tumors. Int J Clin Oncol. 2023;28:827\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10147-023-02345-7.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.299","volume":"31","author":"T Yoshino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshino T, Pentheroudakis G, Mishima S, Overman MJ, Yeh KH, Baba E, et al. JSCO-ESMO-ASCO-JSMO-TOS: international expert consensus recommendations for tumour-agnostic treatments in patients with solid tumours with microsatellite instability or NTRK fusions. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:861\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.299.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1063-5","volume":"26","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakamura Y, Taniguchi H, Ikeda M, Bando H, Kato K, Morizane C, et al. Clinical utility of circulating tumor DNA sequencing in advanced gastrointestinal cancer: SCRUM-Japan GI-SCREEN and GOZILA studies. Nat Med. 2020;26:1859\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-1063-5.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1586_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3597","volume":"28","author":"GD Demetri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demetri GD, De Braud F, Drilon A, Siena S, Patel MR, Cho BC, et al. Updated integrated analysis of the efficacy and safety of entrectinib in patients with NTRK fusion-positive solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2022;28:1302\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3597.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1586_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04079-7","volume":"32","author":"B Besse","year":"2026","unstructured":"Besse B, Lin JJ, Bazhenova L, Drilon A, Goto K, de Langen J, et al. Repotrectinib in NTRK fusion-positive advanced solid tumors: a phase 1\/2 trial. Nat Med. 2026;32:682\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-04079-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1586_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0507","volume":"7","author":"A Drilon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drilon A, Nagasubramanian R, Blake JF, Ku N, Tuch BB, Ebata K, et al. A next-generation TRK kinase inhibitor overcomes acquired resistance to prior TRK kinase inhibition. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:963\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0507.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"1586_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0940","volume":"6","author":"M Russo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russo M, Misale S, Wei G, Siravegna G, Crisafulli G, Lazzari L, et al. Acquired resistance to the TRK inhibitor entrectinib in colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0940.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"1586_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00541-1","volume":"23","author":"V Subbiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subbiah V, Wolf J, Konda B, Kang H, Spira A, Weiss J, et al. Tumour-agnostic efficacy and safety of selpercatinib in patients with RET fusion-positive solid tumours other than lung or thyroid tumours: LIBRETTO-001. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:1261\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00541-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01931-y","volume":"28","author":"V Subbiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subbiah V, Cassier PA, Siena S, Garralda E, Paz-Ares L, Garrido P, et al. Pan-cancer efficacy of pralsetinib in patients with RET fusion-positive solid tumors from the phase 1\/2 ARROW trial. Nat Med. 2022;28:1640\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01931-y.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1586_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0244","volume":"25","author":"SJ Klempner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klempner SJ, Fabrizio D, Bane S, Reinhart M, Peoples T, Ali SM, et al. Tumor mutational burden as a predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review of current evidence. Oncologist. 2020;25:e147\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0244.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"1586_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02005","volume":"42","author":"F Meric-Bernstam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meric-Bernstam F, Makker V, Oaknin A, Oh DY, Banerjee S, Gonzalez-Martin A, et al. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with HER2-expressing solid tumors: DESTINY-PanTumor02. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42:47\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.23.02005.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy263","volume":"29","author":"J Mateo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mateo J, Chakravarty D, Dienstmann R, Jezdic S, Gonzalez-Perez A, Lopez-Bigas N, et al. A framework to rank genomic alterations as targets for cancer precision medicine: the ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT). Ann Oncol. 2018;29:1895\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdy263.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.015","volume":"168","author":"DM Hyman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyman DM, Taylor BS, Baselga J. Implementing genome-driven oncology. Cell. 2017;168:584\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.015.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1586_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02160-z","volume":"29","author":"V Subbiah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subbiah V. The next generation of evidence-based medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29:49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-02160-z.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1586_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01844-1","volume":"26","author":"K Sunami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sunami K, Naito Y, Aimono E, Amano T, Ennishi D, Kage H, et al. The initial assessment of expert panel performance in core hospitals for cancer genomic medicine in Japan. Int J Clin Oncol. 2021;26:443\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10147-020-01844-1.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15517","volume":"113","author":"K Sunami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sunami K, Naito Y, Komine K, Amano T, Ennishi D, Imai M, et al. Chronological improvement in precision oncology implementation in Japan. Cancer Sci. 2022;113:3995\u20134000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.15517.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"1586_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0417","volume":"12","author":"T Kohno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kohno T, Kato M, Kohsaka S, Sudo T, Tamai I, Shiraishi Y, et al. C-CAT: the national datacenter for cancer genomic medicine in Japan. Cancer Discov. 2022;12:2509\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0417.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"1586_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.04.005","volume":"35","author":"MF Mosele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mosele MF, Westphalen CB, Stenzinger A, Barlesi F, Bayle A, Bieche I, et al. Recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing for patients with advanced cancer in 2024: a report from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group. Ann Oncol. 2024;35:588\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.04.005.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1586_CR52","unstructured":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. Review report: Retevmo (selpercatinib), additional indication for RET fusion-positive solid tumors. Published 2024. Accessed August 3. 2026. https:\/\/www.pmda.go.jp\/drugs\/2024\/P20240710002\/530471000_30300AMX00448_B100_1.pdf"},{"key":"1586_CR53","unstructured":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. Review report: Augtyro (repotrectinib), additional indication for NTRK fusion-positive solid tumors. Published 2025. Accessed August 3. 2026. https:\/\/www.pmda.go.jp\/drugs\/2025\/P20251110001\/670605000_30600AMX00256000_B100_1.pdf"},{"key":"1586_CR54","unstructured":"Zai Lab Limited. Zai Lab announces National Medical Products Administration approval of Augtyro (repotrectinib) for patients with NTRK-positive solid tumors. Published January 6, 2026. Accessed August 3. 2026. https:\/\/zailab.gcs-web.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/zai-lab-announces-national-medical-products-administration-nmpa"},{"key":"1586_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.104003","volume":"10","author":"A Vogel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vogel A, Ducreux M, ESMO Guidelines Committee. ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline interim update on the management of biliary tract cancer. ESMO Open. 2025;10:104003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.104003.","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"1586_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00745-2","volume":"20","author":"AWJ van Renterghem","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Renterghem AWJ, Voest EE. Functional precision oncology using patient-derived assays: bridging genotype and phenotype. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:305\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-023-00745-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:21:05Z","timestamp":1788520865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-026-01586-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-6636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-6636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Tamotsu Sagawa has received lecture fees from pharmaceutical companies outside the submitted work; the specific entities are reported in the completed ICMJE disclosure form. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"211"}}