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However, the therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, a model of oxidative damage in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was established to investigate the protective effect of Gp, and its possible influence on oxidative stress in RGCs. Treatment of cells with H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> induced RGC injury owing to the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the activities of antioxidative enzymes decreased and the expression of inflammatory factors increased, resulting in an increase in cellular apoptosis. Gp helped RGCs to become resistant to oxidation damage by directly reducing the amount of ROS in cells and exerting protective effects against H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-induced apoptosis. Treatment with Gp also reduced the generation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and increased nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels so as to increase the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1\/2 (Gpx1\/2), which can enhance antioxidation in RGCs. In conclusion, our data indicate that neuroprotection by Gp involves its antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects. Gp prevents apoptosis through a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This finding might provide novel insights into understanding the mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of gypenosides in the treatment of optic neuritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01468-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T19:04:30Z","timestamp":1577991870000},"page":"618-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Gypenosides Prevent H2O2-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by Concurrently Suppressing the Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hong-Kan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-ni","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-8603(03)00032-6","volume":"8","author":"F Aktan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aktan F, Henness S, Roufogalis BD, Ammit AJ (2003) Gypenosides derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS protein expression. 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