{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:17:04Z","timestamp":1788952624025,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012990","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Astrocyte activation is characterized by hypertrophy with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whose expression may involve pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, the effects of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 on nitric oxide (NO)\/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) and GFAP expression were investigated. In human glioblastoma astrocytoma U-373 MG cells, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1, but not IL-4 or IL-10, increased iNOS, cGMP, [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and GFAP expression. The inhibitors of iNOS (1400\u00a0W), soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) and IP3 receptors (ryanodine and 2-APB) reversed the increase in cGMP or [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>, respectively, and prevented GFAP expression. In rat striatal slices, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1, at variance with IL-4 and IL-10, promoted a concentration-dependent increase in Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> efflux, an effect prevented by 1400\u00a0W, ODQ and RY\/2APB. These data were confirmed by in vivo studies, where IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 or the NO donor DETA\/NO injected in the striatum of anaesthetised rats increased cGMP levels and increased GFAP expression. The present findings point to NO\/cGMP-dependent calcium signalling as part of the mechanism mediating IL-6- and TNF-\u03b1-induced GFAP expression. As this process plays a fundamental role in driving neurotoxicity, targeting NO\/cGMP-dependent calcium signalling may constitute a new approach for therapeutic interventions in neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T21:34:45Z","timestamp":1600810485000},"page":"854-866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nitric Oxide\/Cyclic GMP-Dependent Calcium Signalling Mediates IL-6- and TNF-\u03b1-Induced Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sticozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Frosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Pessina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00249.2007","volume":"293","author":"O Beskina","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beskina O, Miller A, Mazzocco-Spezzia A, Pulina MV, Golovina VA (2007) Mechanisms of interleukin-1beta-induced Ca2+ signals in mouse cortical astrocytes: roles of store- and receptor-operated Ca2+ entry. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293(3):C1103\u2013C1111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00249.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"1708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351127","volume":"35","author":"ML Block","year":"2007","unstructured":"Block ML, Hong JS (2007) Chronic microglial activation and progressive dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Biochem Soc Trans 35(Pt 5):1127\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST0351127","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04464.x","volume":"102","author":"MS Boran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boran MS, Garcia A (2007) The cyclic GMP-protein kinase G pathway regulates cytoskeleton dynamics and motility in astrocytes. J Neurochem 102(1):216\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04464.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"18","key":"1708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5480-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"S Brahmachari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brahmachari S, Fung YK, Pahan K (2006) Induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in astrocytes by nitric oxide. J Neurosci 26(18):4930\u20134939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5480-05.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"27","key":"1708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20474","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001077200","volume":"275","author":"PS Brookes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brookes PS, Salinas EP, Darley-Usmar K, Eiserich JP, Freeman BA, Darley-Usmar VM, Anderson PG (2000) Concentration-dependent effects of nitric oxide on mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochrome c release. J Biol Chem 275(27):20474\u201320479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M001077200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","volume":"98","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dantzer R (2018) Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa. Physiol Rev 98(1):477\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1708_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209","volume":"174","author":"R de Waal Malefyt","year":"1991","unstructured":"de Waal Malefyt R, Abrams J, Bennett B, Figdor CG, de Vries JE (1991) Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 174(5):1209\u20131220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1708_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","volume":"139","author":"DJ DiSabato","year":"2016","unstructured":"DiSabato DJ, Quan N, Godbout JP (2016) Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details. J Neurochem 139(Suppl 2):136\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.13607","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"1708_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23687","volume":"67","author":"C Escartin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Escartin C, Guillemaud O, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA (2019) Questions and (some) answers on reactive astrocytes. Glia 67(12):2221\u20132247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23687","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000065431","volume":"11","author":"RR Fiscus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fiscus RR (2002) Involvement of cyclic GMP and protein kinase G in the regulation of apoptosis and survival in neural cells. Neurosignals 11(4):175\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000065431","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0263-9","volume":"21","author":"AD Greenhalgh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greenhalgh AD, David S, Bennett FC (2020) Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 21(3):139\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0263-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1708_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.4.10.1265","volume":"4","author":"GJ Harry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harry GJ, Kraft AD (2008) Neuroinflammation and microglia: considerations and approaches for neurotoxicity assessment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4(10):1265\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/17425255.4.10.1265","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1708_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00082.x","volume":"76","author":"H Higashida","year":"2001","unstructured":"Higashida H, Hashii M, Yokoyama S, Hoshi N, Asai K, Kato T (2001) Cyclic ADP-ribose as a potential second messenger for neuronal Ca2+ signaling. J Neurochem 76(2):321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00082.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1708_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","volume":"32","author":"EM Hol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hol EM, Pekny M (2015) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 32:121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"1708_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Illes P, Rubini P, Ulrich H, Zhao Y, Tang Y (2020) Regulation of microglial functions by purinergic mechanisms in the healthy and diseased CNS. Cells 9(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9051108","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051108"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858402239587","volume":"9","author":"GR John","year":"2003","unstructured":"John GR, Lee SC, Brosnan CF (2003) Cytokines: powerful regulators of glial cell activation. Neuroscientist 9(1):10\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858402239587","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1708_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.01.001","volume":"197","author":"A Kanthasamy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanthasamy A, Jin H, Charli A, Vellareddy A, Kanthasamy A (2019) Environmental neurotoxicant-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration: a potential link to impaired neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 197:61\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.01.001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0968-5","volume":"14","author":"R Lagos-Cabre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lagos-Cabre R, Alvarez A, Kong M, Burgos-Bravo F, Cardenas A, Rojas-Mancilla E, Perez-Nunez R, Herrera-Molina R, Rojas F, Schneider P, Herrera-Marschitz M, Quest AFG, van Zundert B, Leyton L (2017) alphaVbeta3 integrin regulates astrocyte reactivity. J Neuroinflammation 14(1):194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0968-5","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1708_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01546","volume":"10","author":"R Lagos-Cabre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lagos-Cabre R, Burgos-Bravo F, Avalos AM, Leyton L (2019) Connexins in astrocyte migration. Front Pharmacol 10:1546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.01546","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00841.x","volume":"4","author":"NJ Laping","year":"1994","unstructured":"Laping NJ, Teter B, Nichols NR, Rozovsky I, Finch CE (1994) Glial fibrillary acidic protein: regulation by hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Brain Pathol 4(3):259\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00841.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.01.003","volume":"41","author":"C Laurent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laurent C, Buee L, Blum D (2018) Tau and neuroinflammation: what impact for Alzheimer's disease and Tauopathies? Biom J 41(1):21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2018.01.003","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1708_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","volume":"46","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Barres BA (2017) Reactive astrocytes: production, function, and therapeutic potential. Immunity 46(6):957\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"49","key":"1708_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12672","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0294-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"D Linares","year":"2006","unstructured":"Linares D, Taconis M, Mana P, Correcha M, Fordham S, Staykova M, Willenborg DO (2006) Neuronal nitric oxide synthase plays a key role in CNS demyelination. J Neurosci 26(49):12672\u201312681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0294-06.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00275.x","volume":"6","author":"MP Mattson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mattson MP (2007) Calcium and neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 6(3):337\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00275.x","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1708_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2001.1047","volume":"18","author":"V Matyash","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matyash V, Filippov V, Mohrhagen K, Kettenmann H (2001) Nitric oxide signals parallel fiber activity to Bergmann glial cells in the mouse cerebellar slice. Mol Cell Neurosci 18(6):664\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mcne.2001.1047","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"24","key":"1708_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8980","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-08980.2000","volume":"20","author":"A Meini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meini A, Benocci A, Frosini M, Sgaragli G, Pessina G, Aldinucci C, Youmbi GT, Palmi M (2000) Nitric oxide modulation of interleukin-1[beta]-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release in human astrocytoma U-373 MG cells and brain striatal slices. J Neurosci 20(24):8980\u20138986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02483.x","volume":"17","author":"A Meini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meini A, Benocci A, Frosini M, Sgaragli GP, Garcia JB, Pessina GP, Aldinucci C, Palmi M (2003) Potentiation of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by hypoxia-induced NO generation in rat brain striatal slices and human astrocytoma U-373 MG cells and its involvement in tissue damage. Eur J Neurosci 17(4):692\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02483.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1708_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04705.x","volume":"23","author":"A Meini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meini A, Garcia JB, Pessina GP, Aldinucci C, Frosini M, Palmi M (2006) Role of intracellular Ca2+ and calmodulin\/MAP kinase kinase\/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signalling pathway in the mitogenic and antimitogenic effect of nitric oxide in glia- and neurone-derived cell lines. Eur J Neurosci 23(7):1690\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04705.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1708_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.40","volume":"153","author":"A Meini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meini A, Sticozzi C, Massai L, Palmi M (2008) A nitric oxide\/Ca(2+)\/calmodulin\/ERK1\/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in the mitogenic effect of IL-1beta in human astrocytoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 153(8):1706\u20131717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjp.2008.40","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.11.002","volume":"48","author":"M Monti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monti M, Donnini S, Giachetti A, Mochly-Rosen D, Ziche M (2010) deltaPKC inhibition or varepsilonPKC activation repairs endothelial vascular dysfunction by regulating eNOS post-translational modification. J Mol Cell Cardiol 48(4):746\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.11.002","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1708_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.06.025","volume":"1054","author":"L Nanetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nanetti L, Vignini A, Moroni C, Bartolini M, Luzzi S, Provinciali L, Mazzanti L (2005) Peroxynitrite production and NOS expression in astrocytes U373MG incubated with lipoproteins from Alzheimer patients. Brain Res 1054(1):38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.06.025","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1708_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.070","volume":"62","author":"C Napoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Napoli C, Paolisso G, Casamassimi A, Al-Omran M, Barbieri M, Sommese L, Infante T, Ignarro LJ (2013) Effects of nitric oxide on cell proliferation: novel insights. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(2):89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.070","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1708_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:25:2:133","volume":"25","author":"M Palmi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Palmi M, Meini A (2002) Role of the nitric oxide\/cyclic GMP\/Ca2+ signaling pathway in the pyrogenic effect of interleukin-1beta. Mol Neurobiol 25(2):133\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/MN:25:2:133","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1708_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90332-8","volume":"76","author":"WE Paul","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paul WE, Seder RA (1994) Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell 76(2):241\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90332-8","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1708_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","volume":"36","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavlov VA, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ (2018) Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 36:783\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1708_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15595.x","volume":"118","author":"M Plami","year":"1996","unstructured":"Plami M, Frosini M, Sgaragli G (1996) Interleukin-1 beta stimulation of 45Ca2+ release from rat striatal slices. Br J Pharmacol 118(7):1705\u20131710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15595.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23573","volume":"67","author":"M Recasens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Recasens M, Shrivastava K, Almolda B, Gonz\u00e1lez B, Castellano B (2019) Astrocyte-targeted IL-10 production decreases proliferation and induces a downregulation of activated microglia\/macrophages after PPT. Glia 67(4):741\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23573","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"18","key":"1708_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14568","volume":"176","author":"JS Sadick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadick JS, Liddelow SA (2019) Don't forget astrocytes when targeting Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 176(18):3585\u20133598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.14568","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"32","key":"1708_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800148200","volume":"283","author":"MA Sama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sama MA, Mathis DM, Furman JL, Abdul HM, Artiushin IA, Kraner SD, Norris CM (2008) Interleukin-1beta-dependent signaling between astrocytes and neurons depends critically on astrocytic calcineurin\/NFAT activity. J Biol Chem 283(32):21953\u201321964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M800148200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1708_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017Y23","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21118","volume":"293","author":"Y Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu SS, Zhan MY (2010) Interleukin-2 enhances dendritic development and spinogenesis in cultured hippocampal neurons. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293:1017Y23","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1708_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","volume":"16","author":"MV Sofroniew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sofroniew MV (2015) Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation. Nat Rev Neurosci 16(5):249\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3898","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1708_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450290025725","volume":"112","author":"D Sredni-Kenigsbuch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sredni-Kenigsbuch D (2002) TH1\/TH2 cytokines in the central nervous system. Int J Neurosci 112(6):665\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207450290025725","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"1708_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.061","volume":"252","author":"C Sticozzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sticozzi C, Belmonte G, Meini A, Carbotti P, Grasso G, Palmi M (2013) IL-1beta induces GFAP expression in vitro and in vivo and protects neurons from traumatic injury-associated apoptosis in rat brain striatum via NFkappaB\/Ca(2)(+)-calmodulin\/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Neuroscience 252:367\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.061","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4918-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"DP Stirling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stirling DP, Liu S, Kubes P, Yong VW (2009) Depletion of Ly6G\/Gr-1 leukocytes after spinal cord injury in mice alters wound healing and worsens neurological outcome. J Neurosci 29(3):753\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4918-08.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1708_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.017","volume":"45","author":"J Vasquez-Vivar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vasquez-Vivar J, Whitsett J, Ionova I, Konorev E, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B, Shi Y, Pieper GM (2008) Cytokines and lipopolysaccharides induce inducible nitric oxide synthase but not enzyme activity in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 45(7):994\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1708_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800254-4.00011-8","volume":"96","author":"D Vasudevan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vasudevan D, Thomas DD (2014) Insights into the diverse effects of nitric oxide on tumor biology. Vitam Horm 96:265\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800254-4.00011-8","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"issue":"3","key":"1708_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000042","volume":"73","author":"G Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei G, Da-Hai Z, Fei-Ji S, Jing-Yi Y, Zheng-Le Z, Shi-Yong L, Qing Y, Chun-Qing Z, Yang H (2014) Expression and cellular distribution of the interleukin 2 signaling system in cortical lesions from patients with focal cortical dysplasia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 73(3):206\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000042","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1708_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-05-01767.2000","volume":"20","author":"NJ Willmott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Willmott NJ, Wong K, Strong AJ (2000) A fundamental role for the nitric oxide-G-kinase signaling pathway in mediating intercellular Ca(2+) waves in glia. J Neurosci 20(5):1767\u20131779","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1708_CR49","first-page":"BR325-330","volume":"10","author":"C Woiciechowsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woiciechowsky C, Schoning B, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Stockhammer F, Volk HD (2004) Brain-IL-1 beta triggers astrogliosis through induction of IL-6: inhibition by propranolol and IL-10. Med Sci Monit 10(9):BR325-330","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.077","volume":"375","author":"G Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu G, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Ren G, Shi Y (2008) Bone marrow stromal cells induce apoptosis of lymphoma cells in the presence of IFNgamma and TNF by producing nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375(4):666\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.077","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1708_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8098-4","volume":"41","author":"D Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang D, Hu X, Qian L, O'Callaghan JP, Hong JS (2010) Astrogliosis in CNS pathologies: is there a role for microglia? Mol Neurobiol 41(2\u20133):232\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-010-8098-4","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1708_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F932","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00066.2008","volume":"295","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Gengaro P, Wang W, Wang XQ, Li C, Faubel S, Rivard C, Schrier RW (2008) Role of NF-kappaB and PI 3-kinase\/Akt in TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity in microvascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295(4):F932\u2013F941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00066.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01736-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T01:25:22Z","timestamp":1632273922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01708-3","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01736-z","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0895-8696","1559-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-8696","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2020","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01736-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01736-z","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}