{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:20:13Z","timestamp":1794108013503,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T16:02:53Z","timestamp":1611072173000},"page":"2192-2209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niraj Kumar","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreesh","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh Kumar","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Dureja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakti D.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Chellappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanu","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhan","family":"Jeyaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathish","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet Kumar","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Ruokolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavindra Kumar","family":"Kesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdennour L, Zeghal C, Deme M, Puybasset L (2012) Interaction brain-lungs. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 31(6):e101-107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2012.04.013"},{"key":"1767_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.4.2154","volume":"162","author":"S Aggarwal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S (1999) Increased TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from aged humans: changes in TNF-alpha receptor expression and activation of caspases. J Immunol 162:2154\u20132161","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1767_CR3","first-page":"3502683","volume":"2016","author":"H Algahtani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Algahtani H, Subahi A, Shirah B (2016) Neurological complications of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016:3502683","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y","volume":"43","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, Bouchama A, Johani S, Hajeer AH (2015) Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection 43(4):495\u2013501","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3326-3337.1999","volume":"73","author":"N Arbour","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arbour N (1999) Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E. J Virol 73(4):3326\u20133337","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1767_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour N (2000) Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol 74(19):8913\u20138921","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.077","volume":"87","author":"A Avula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avula A (2020) COVID-19 presenting as stroke. Brain Behav Immun 87:115\u2013119","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1767_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK (2020) Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak.\u00a0medRxiv\u00a003:20041889","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.23.20041889"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","volume":"11","author":"AM Baig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H (2020) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropicmechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11(7):995\u2013998","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"1767_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30195-X","volume":"20","author":"D Baud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baud D, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Pomar L, Favre G (2020) Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 20:773","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1767_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273","volume":"0","author":"A Beltran-Corbellini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beltran-Corbellini A, Chico-Garcia JL, Martinez-Poles J (2020) Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of Covid-19: a pilot multicenter PCR-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol 0:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14273","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1767_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berth SH, Leopold PL, Morfini GN (2009) Virus-induced neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)14:5239\u20135259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/3595","DOI":"10.2741\/3595"},{"key":"1767_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00386","volume":"12","author":"K Bohmwald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bohmwald K, Galvez NMS, Rios M, Kalergis AM (2018) Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections. Front Cell Neurosci 12:386","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.02.002","volume":"123","author":"A Boucher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boucher A (2007) Long-term human coronavirus-myelin cross-reactive T-cell clones derived from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 123(3):258\u2013267","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"31","key":"1767_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","volume":"6","author":"DH Brann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B (2020) Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv 6(31):1\u201328","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"1767_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bryce C, Grimes Z, Pujadas E (2020) Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: targeting of endothelial cells renders a complex disease with thrombotic microangiopathy and aberrant immune response. The Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience. medRxiv.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.18.20099960","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.18.20099960"},{"key":"1767_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.007","volume":"19","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R (2016) Dysregulated type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe 19:181\u2013193","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1767_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","volume":"39","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Channappanavar R, Perlman S (2017) Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 39:529\u2013539","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1767_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000099171.26943.D0","volume":"61","author":"CC Chao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chao CC, Tsai LK, Chiou YH, Tseng MT, Hsieh ST, Chang SC (2003) Peripheral nerve disease in SARS: report of a case. Neurology 61(12):1820\u20131821","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1767_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, Chen Z, Wen C, Xu Z (2020a) The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human and mouse brain. 2020\u00a0https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.07.030650v1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.07.030650v1"},{"key":"1767_CR21","first-page":"E005","volume":"36","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhang XR, Ju ZY, He WF (2020) Advances in the research of cytokinestorm mechanism induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 36:E005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","volume":"130","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H (2020) Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest 130(5):2620\u20132629","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10223","key":"1767_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395(10223):507\u2013513","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010014","volume":"12","author":"M Desforges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Lajoie L, Dube M, Talbot PJ (2019) Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses 12(1):14","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1767_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1777-06","volume":"807","author":"M Desforges","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Brison E, Meessen-Pinard M, Talbot PJ (2014) Neuroinvasive and neurotropic human respiratory coronaviruses: potential neurovirulent agents in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol 807:75\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-81-322-1777-06","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1767_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","volume":"11","author":"B Diao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, Chen L, Li M, Liu Y, Wang G, Yuan Z, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Chen Y (2020) Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol 11:827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277989","volume":"31","author":"MR Dobbs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dobbs MR (2011) Toxic encephalopathy. Semin Neurol 31(2):184\u2013193","journal-title":"Toxic encephalopathy. Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00292.2006","volume":"292","author":"MF Doobay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doobay MF, Talman LS, Obr TD, Tian X, Davisson RL, Lazartigues E (2007) Differential expression of neuronal ACE2 in transgenic mice with overexpression of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292(1):R373\u2013R381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00292.2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1767_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","volume":"92","author":"M Dube","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dube M, CoupanecA Le, Wong AHM, Rini JM, DesforgesM TPJ (2018) Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 92(17):e00404-e418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S89795","volume":"5","author":"L Duffy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duffy L, O\u2019Reilly SC (2016) Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: recent and emerging translational developments. Immunotargets Ther 5:69\u201380","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR31","first-page":"51","volume":"20","author":"MS Elkind","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elkind MS (2007) Why now? Moving from stroke risk factors to stroke triggers. CurrOpinNeurol 20(1):51\u201357","journal-title":"CurrOpinNeurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-155","volume":"18","author":"M Ellul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ellul M, Solomon T (2018) Acute encephalitis - diagnosis and management. Clin Med (Lond) 18(2):155\u2013159","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"1767_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","volume":"1282","author":"AR Fehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015) Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 1282:1\u201323","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1767_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fodoulian L, Tuberosa J, Rossier D, Landis BN, Carleton A, Rodriguez I (2020) SARS-CoV-2 receptor and entry genes are expressed by sustentacular cells in the human olfactory neuroepithelium.\u00a0bioRxiv\u00a02020(03):31.013268","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.31.013268"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00207-4","volume":"35","author":"Y Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y (2020) Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated InflammatoryResponses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools. Virologica Sinica 35(3):266\u2013271","journal-title":"Virologica Sinica"},{"key":"1767_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","volume":"8","author":"C Gabay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gabay C (2006) Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 8:S3","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.002","volume":"27","author":"MK Galougahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galougahi MK, Ghorbani J, Bakhshayeshkaram M (2020) Olfactory bulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia: the first report. Acad Radiol 27(6):892\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.002","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.12.008","volume":"38","author":"G Gerna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gerna G (2007) Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients. J Clin Virol 38(3):244\u2013250","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"1767_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","volume":"71","author":"A Giacomelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L (2020) Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 71(15):889\u2013890","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y (2005) Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 202(3):415\u2013424","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016219","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016219","volume":"9","author":"J Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo J (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease: a viewpoint on the potential influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitors\/Angiotensin receptor blockers on onset and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J Am Heart Assoc 9(7):e016219","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR42","first-page":"11","volume":"7","author":"YR Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak- an update on the status. Mil Med Res 7(1):11","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"1767_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401557","volume":"12","author":"S Gupta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gupta S, Bi R, Kim C, Chiplunkar S, Yel L, Gollapudi S (2005) Role of NF-kappaBsignaling pathway in increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in aged humans. Cell Death Differ 12:177\u2013183","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"1767_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382:1708\u20131720","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1767_CR45","first-page":"408","volume":"95","author":"C Gutierrez-Ortiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Ortiz C, Mendez A, Rodrigo-Rey S (2020) Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology 95(9):408","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1767_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","volume":"382","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 382:23","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1767_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houtman JJ, Hinze HC, Fleming JO (1995) Demyelination induced by murine coronavirus JHM infection of congenitally immunodeficient mice. In: Talbot PJ, Levy GA (ed) Corona- and Related Viruses: Current Concepts in Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis.\u00a0Springer US; Boston, MA: pp 159\u2013163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1899-0_26"},{"issue":"10223","key":"1767_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China Lancet 395(10223):497\u2013506","journal-title":"China Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1767_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.025437","volume":"49","author":"EC Hung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hung EC, Chim SS, Chan PK, Tong YK, Ng EK, Chiu RW (2003) Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem 49(12):2108\u20132109","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR50","first-page":"26","volume":"15","author":"CS Hwang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hwang CS (2006) Olfactory neuropathy in severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of A case. Acta Neurol Taiwan 15(1):26\u201328","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"1767_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.049","volume":"349","author":"H Jacomy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacomy H, Fragoso G, Almazan G, Mushynski WE, Talbot PJ (2006) Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in BALB\/C mice. Virology 349:335\u2013346","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200445","volume":"26","author":"M Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin M, Tong Q (2020) Rhabdomyolysis as potential late complication associated with COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis 26(7):1618\u20131620","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1767_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0066-7","volume":"18","author":"SA Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones SA, Jenkins BJ (2018) Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 18:773\u2013789","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102828","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.102828","volume":"22","author":"N Karimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karimi N, Razavi AS, Rouhani N (2020) Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J 22(3):e102828","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.227","volume":"13","author":"JE Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JE, Heo JH, Kim HO, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13(3):227\u2013233","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0503207","volume":"74","author":"W-K Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim W-K, Corey S, Alvarez X, Williams K (2003) Monocyte\/macrophage traffic in HIV and SIV encephalitis. J LeukocBiol 74(5):650\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0503207","journal-title":"J LeukocBiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3656","volume":"18","author":"RS Klein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klein RS, Garber C, Howard N (2017) Infectious immunity in the central nervous system and brain function. Nat Immunol 18(2):132\u2013141","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","volume":"13","author":"OO Koyuncu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koyuncu OO, Hogue IB, Enquist LW (2013) Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell Host Microbe 13(4):379\u2013393","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030638","volume":"10","author":"KK Lau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lau KK, Yu WC, Chu CM, Lau ST, Sheng B, Yuen KY (2004) Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 10(2):342\u2013344","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1767_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00730-16","volume":"54","author":"AL Leber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leber AL, Everhart K, Balada-Llasat JM, Cullison J, Daly J, Holt S (2016) Multicenter evaluation of BioFire FilmArray meningitis\/encephalitis panel for detection of bacteria, viruses, and yeast in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J Clin Microbiol 54(9):2251\u20132261","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1767_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A (2020) (Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 6:1\u201311","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.3.374","volume":"290","author":"TW Lew","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lew TW (2003) Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA 290(3):374\u2013380","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1767_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5490","volume":"181","author":"CK Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li CK, Wu H, Yan H, Ma S, Wang L, Zhang M, Tang X, Temperton NJ, Weiss RA (2008) T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans. J Immunol 181:5490\u20135500","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","volume":"92","author":"YC Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li YC, Bai W, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may be at least partially responsible for the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 92(6):552\u2013555","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3398-3406.2004","volume":"78","author":"Y Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li Y, Fu L, Gonzales DM, Lavi E (2004) Coronavirus neurovirulence correlates with the ability of the virus to induce proinflammatory cytokine signals from astrocytes and microglia. J Virol 78(7):3398\u20133406","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang M, Zhou Y, Chang J, Xian Y, Mao L (2020). Acute Cerebrovascular Disease Following COVID-19: A Single Center, Retrospective, Observational Study. SSRN 2020; Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3550025","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3550025"},{"issue":"97","key":"1767_CR67","first-page":"79","volume":"18","author":"JE Libbey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Libbey JE, Lane TE, Fujinami RS (2014) Axonal pathology and demyelination in viral models of multiple sclerosis. Discov Med 18(97):79\u201389","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"1767_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0983-2","volume":"55","author":"L Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin L, Zheng LJ, Zhang LJ (2018) Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 55:8243\u20138250","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1767_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105114","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105114","volume":"39","author":"S Lukassen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lukassen S, Chua RL, Trefzer T, Kahn NC, Schneider MA, Muley T (2020) SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J 39(10):e105114","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. China Jama Neurol 77(6):1\u20139","journal-title":"China Jama Neurol"},{"key":"1767_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matsuda K, Park CH, Sunden Y, Kimura T, Ochiai K, Kida H, Umemura T (2004) The vagus nerve is one route of transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a virus in mice. Vet Pathol 41(2):101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1354\/vp.41-2-101","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-2-101"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25773","volume":"87","author":"JC McArthur","year":"2020","unstructured":"McArthur JC (2020) The path forward: academic neurology responds to COVID-19. Ann Neurol 87(6):789\u2013793","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","volume":"81","author":"PB McCray Jr","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCray PB Jr, PeweL W-L, Hickey M, Manzel L, Shi L, Netland J, Jai HP, Halabi C, Sigmund CD, Meyerholz DK, Kirby P, Look DC, Perlman S (2007) Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 81(2):813\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10229","key":"1767_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395(10229):1033\u20131034","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1767_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menni C, Valdes A, Freydin MB, Ganesh S, El-Sayed Moustafa J, Visconti A (2020) Loss of smell and taste in combination with other symptoms is a strong predictor of COVID-19 infection.\u00a0medRxiv\u00a02020(04):20048421","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20048421"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0572-5","volume":"29","author":"AJ Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller AJ, Arnold AC (2019) The renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular autonomic control: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res 29(2):231\u2013243","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"1767_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.140","volume":"17","author":"KD Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller KD, Schnell MJ, Rall GF (2016) Keeping it in check: chronic viral infection and antiviral immunity in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 17:766\u2013776","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1767_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00809.x","volume":"186","author":"M Mizuguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mizuguchi M, Yamanouchi H, Ichiyama T, Shiomi M (2007) Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza and other viral infections. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 186:45\u201356","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1509458","volume":"375","author":"S Morfopoulou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morfopoulou S (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. N Engl J Med 375(5):497\u2013498","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2015_04_338","volume":"59","author":"I Mori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mori I (2015) Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain. Acta Virol 59(4):338\u2013349","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J (2020) A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55\u201358","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.596783","volume":"42","author":"S Muhammad","year":"1992","unstructured":"Muhammad S, Haasbach E, Kotchourko M, Strigli A, Krenz A, Ridder DA, Vogel\nAB, Marti HH, Al-Abed Y, Planz O, Schwaninger M (2011) Influenza virus infection\naggravates stroke outcome. Stroke 42(3):783-91","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310511","volume":"31","author":"RS Murray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murray RS (1992) Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 31(5):525\u2013533","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1767_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100961","volume":"11","author":"T Nelemans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nelemans T, Kikkert M (2019) Viral innate immune evasion and the pathogenesis of emerging RNA virus infections. Viruses 11(10):961","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"15","key":"1767_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","volume":"82","author":"J Netland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82(15):7264\u20137275","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR86","unstructured":"Nguyen TP, Taylor RS (2020) Guillain Barre Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030027","volume":"3","author":"JM Nicholls","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nicholls JM, Butany J, Poon LLM, Chan KH, Beh SL, Poutanen S, Malik Peiris JS, Wong M (2006) Time course and cellular localization of SARS-CoV nucleoprotein and RNA in lungs from fatal cases of SARS. PLoS Med 3(2):e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030027","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1767_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","volume":"382","author":"TJ Oxley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh PI, De Leacy RA, Shirematsu T, Ladner TR (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 382(20):e60","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14850","volume":"18","author":"M Panigada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, Grasselli G, Novembrino C, Chantarangkul V, Pesenti A, Peyvandi F, Tripodi A (2020) Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J ThrombHaemost 18(7):1738\u20131742","journal-title":"J ThrombHaemost"},{"issue":"7","key":"1767_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915","volume":"92","author":"A Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, Sordillo EM, Fowkes M (2020) Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20132 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol 92(7):699\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25915","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137647","volume":"130","author":"SF Pedersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pedersen SF, Ho YC (2020) SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging. J Clin Invest 130:2202\u20132205","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"1767_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ (2019) Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke 50(12):e344\u2013e418","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","volume":"296","author":"N Poyiadji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: Imaging features. Radiology 296(2):E119-120","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"1767_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","volume":"71","author":"C Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, Tian DS (2020) Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. China Clin Infect Dis 71(15):762\u2013768","journal-title":"China Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1920-8","volume":"469","author":"AK Reinhold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reinhold AK, Rittner HL (2017) Barrier function in the peripheral and central nervous system-a review. Pflugers Arch 469(1):123\u2013134","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"1767_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.09.003","volume":"29","author":"M Saad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saad M, Omrani AS, Baig K, Bahloul A, Elzein F, Matin MA (2014) Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 29:301\u2013306","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"28","key":"1767_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00028","volume":"9","author":"R Sankowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sankowski R, Mader S, Valdes-Ferrer SI (2015) Systemic inflammation and the brain: novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 9(28):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2015.00028","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"24","key":"1767_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12432","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01267-08","volume":"82","author":"C Savarin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Savarin C (2008) Memory CD4+ T-cell-mediated protection from lethal coronavirus encephalomyelitis. J Virol 82(24):12432\u201312440","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.062","volume":"76","author":"Z Sedaghat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sedaghat Z, Karimi N (2020) Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report. J Clin Neurosci 76:233\u2013235","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"1767_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81624-0","volume":"87","author":"M Spiegel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spiegel M, Schneider K, Weber F, Weidmann M, Hufert FT (2006) Interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus with dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 87(Pt 7):1953\u20131960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.81624-0","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90220-J","volume":"191","author":"JN Stewart","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stewart JN, Mounir S, Talbot PJ (1992) Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology 191(1):502\u2013505","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.0021","volume":"213","author":"N Sun","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sun N (1995) Activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord of mice chronically infected with a neurotropic coronavirus. Virology 213(2):482\u2013493","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1767_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson PA 2nd, McGavern DB (2015) Viral diseases of the central nervous system. Current Opinion in Virology 11:44-54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.12.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR104","first-page":"e7561","volume":"12","author":"K Suwanwongse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suwanwongse K, Shabarek N (2020) Rhabdomyolysis as a presentation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Cureus 12(4):e7561","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1265448","volume":"15","author":"SC Tauber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tauber SC, Eiffert H, Bruck W, Nau R (2017) Septic encephalopathy and septic encephalitis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 15(2):121\u2013132","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"1767_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","volume":"382","author":"G Toscano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, Franciotta D, Baldanti F, Daturi R, Postorino P, Cavallini A, Micieli G (2020) Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 382:2574\u20132576","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1767_CR107","first-page":"287","volume":"32","author":"B Trojanowicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trojanowicz B, Ulrich C, Kohler F, Bode V, Seibert E, Fiedler R, Girndt M (2017) Monocytic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 relates to atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32(2):287\u2013298","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"1767_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.029","volume":"146","author":"S Trouillet-Assant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trouillet-Assant S, Viel S, Gaymard A, Pons S, Richard J-C, Perret M, Villard M (2020) Type I IFN immunoprofiling in COVID-19 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 146(1):206\u2013208","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR109","first-page":"113","volume":"14","author":"LK Tsai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chang YC (2005) Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Acta Neurol Taiwan 14(3):113\u2013119","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.04.001","volume":"25","author":"AJ Turner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM (2004) ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virusreceptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(6):291\u2013294","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1767_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0519-8","volume":"251","author":"T Umapathi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, Lim CC, Pang BC, Yeo TT (2004) Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol 251(10):1227\u20131231","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.01.002","volume":"13","author":"SK Unni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Unni SK, Ruzek D, Chhatbar C, Mishra R, Johri MK, Singh SK (2011) Japanese encephalitis virus: from genome to infectome. Microbes Infect 13(4):312\u2013321","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"1767_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan SX, Yi QJ, Fan SB, Lv JL, Zhang XX, Guo L (2020). Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv 2020.02.10.20021832","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.10.20021832"},{"key":"1767_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, XuW, Hu G, Xia S, Sun Z, Liu Z, Xie Y, Zhang S, Lu L (2020a) SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Cell Mol Immunol 1-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-020-0424-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0424-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25748","volume":"92","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q (2020b) Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 92(6):568\u2013576","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1767_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.070","volume":"95","author":"R Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang R, Pan M, Zhang X, Fan X, Han M, Zhao F (2020c) Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Fuyang, Anhui, China. Int J Infect Dis 95:421\u2013428","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1767_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Reng Z (2020d) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan. China JAMA 323(11):1061\u20131069","journal-title":"China JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1767_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701794","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01794-2017","volume":"51","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Warren-Gash C, Blackburn R, Whitaker H, McMenamin J, Hayward AC (2018) Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland. Eur Respir J 51(3):1701794","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1767_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196162","volume":"17","author":"H Wege","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wege H (1995) Immunopathological aspects of coronavirus infections. Semin Immunopathol 17(2\u20133):133\u2013148","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"7809","key":"1767_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","volume":"581","author":"R W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00f6lfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, M\u00fcller MA (2020) Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 581(7809):465\u2013469","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15047","volume":"35","author":"SH Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong SH, Lui RN, Sung JJ (2020) Covid-19 and the digestive system. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 35(5):744\u2013748","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1767_CR122","unstructured":"Worldometer (2020) COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic (https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/)"},{"key":"1767_CR123","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report \u2013 94 (https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200423-sitrep-94-covid-19.pdf#:~:text=The%20first%20human%20cases%20of,%2C%20in%20December%202019)"},{"issue":"6483","key":"1767_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","volume":"367","author":"D Wrapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367(6483):1260\u20131263","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"1767_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8771","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8771-8780.1999","volume":"73","author":"GF Wu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu GF, Perlman S (1999) Macrophage infiltration, but not apoptosis, is correlated with immune-mediated demyelination following murine infection with a neurotropic coronavirus. J Virol 73(10):8771\u20138780","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1767_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000218","volume":"74","author":"C Wuthrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wuthrich C, Batson S, Koralnik IJ (2015) Lack of Major Histocompatibility complex class I upregulation and restrictive infection by JC virus hamper detection of neuronsby T lymphocytes in the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 74(8):791\u2013803","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1767_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-159.2008.05723.x","volume":"107","author":"H Xia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xia H, Lazartigues E (2008) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the brain: properties and future directions. J Neurochem 107(6):1482\u20131494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-159.2008.05723.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1767_CR128","first-page":"00015","volume":"T202003","author":"P Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang P, Xu XM, Gao LL, Wang HZ, Xiong HF, Li RH (2020) First case of 2019 novel coronavirus disease with Encephalitis. ChinaXiv T202003:00015","journal-title":"ChinaXiv"},{"key":"1767_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","volume":"12","author":"H Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q (2020) High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 12:8","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1767_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/444461","volume":"41","author":"J Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhong S, Liu J, Li L, Li Y, Wu X, Li Z, Deng P, Zhang J, Zhong N, Ding Y, Jiang Y (2005) Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine MIG in pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis 41(8):1089\u20131096","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1767_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang FS (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8(4):420\u2013422","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1767_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","volume":"94","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94:91\u201395","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1767_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07027","volume":"4","author":"P Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang P, Gu H, Zhao Z, Wang W, Cao B, Lai C, Yang X, Zhang LY, Duan Y, Zhang S, Chen W, Zhen W, Cai M, Penninger JM, Jiyang C, Wang X (2014) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury. Sci Rep 4:7027","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1767_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh EA (2004) Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.\u00a0Pediatrics\u00a0113(1Pt1):e73\u20136","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e73"},{"issue":"11","key":"1767_CR135","first-page":"646","volume":"16","author":"CH Yin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yin CH, Wang C, Tang Z, Wen Y, Zhang SW, Wang BE (2004) Clinical analysis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients suffering from SARS. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 16(11):646\u2013650","journal-title":"Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3182a73d83","volume":"30","author":"GB Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young GB (2013) Encephalopathy of infection and systemic inflammation. J Clin Neurophysiol 30(5):454\u2013461","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1767_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","volume":"46","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS (2020) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med 46:586\u2013590","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10225","key":"1767_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30356-1","volume":"395","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H (2020) Early lessons from the frontline of the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Lancet 395(10225):687","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1767_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30109-5","volume":"19","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S (2020) Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol 19(5):383\u2013384","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1767_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao K, Huang J, Dai D, Feng Y, Liu L, Nie S (2020a) Acutemyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Published March 18, 2020. Accessed 19 May 2020. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.16.2003510v2","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.16.2003510v2"},{"key":"1767_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao K, Huang J, Dai D, Feng Y, Liu L, Nie S (2020b) Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. medRxiv 2020(03):20035105","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.16.20035105"},{"issue":"10229","key":"1767_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou F (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395(10229):1054\u20131062","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T10:12:59Z","timestamp":1674900779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-020-01767-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-8696","1559-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-8696","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.<b>Consent for publication:<\/b> All co-authors have given their consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}