{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T08:22:44Z","timestamp":1794471764151,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mersin University Scientific Research Coordination Office","award":["2017-1 TP3-2198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1 TP3-2198"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004172","name":"Mersin University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004172","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Neurosci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with multifactorial etiopathogenesis, where oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a key contributing factor. This study aimed to evaluate the plasma dynamic thiol\/disulfide homeostasis (DTDH) parameters\u2014a relatively novel OS biomarker\u2014alongside classical OS biomarkers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in preschool children diagnosed with ASD. A total of 49 children with ASD and 31 age- and sex-matched typically developing children between the ages of 2 and 6\u00a0years were included. In addition to sociodemographic data collection, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) were administered to assess autism severity. Blood samples were analyzed using automated spectrophotometric techniques to determine OS biomarkers. The results demonstrated that DTDH parameters and classical OS markers exhibited parallel changes; however, no statistically significant differences were detected between the ASD and control groups across all OS markers. Furthermore, no significant association was found between OS biomarkers and autism severity. Moreover, we intentionally restricted our sample to a younger age group to enable a focused examination of OS dynamics during early developmental stages. This study underscores the potential impact of age as a critical determinant in OS-related alterations in autism and highlights the need for further age-stratified investigations to elucidate the role of OS in ASD pathophysiology and its potential diagnostic relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T13:57:03Z","timestamp":1746194223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Dynamic Thiol\/Disulfide Homeostasis in Autism: A Focus on Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0143-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halenur","family":"Teke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senay","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"Neselioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Teke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2996-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozcan","family":"Erel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lulufer","family":"Tamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fevziye","family":"Toros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) American psychiatric association. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; (2013). 947p. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/Appi.Books.9780890425596 [DOI]. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th Edn, 947","DOI":"10.1176\/Appi.Books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aoyama K (2021) Glutathione in the brain. Intl J Mol Sci 22 (9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22095010","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095010"},{"key":"2358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avcil S, Uysal P, Avcil M, Al\u0131\u015f\u0131k M, Bi\u00e7er C (2017) Dynamic Thiol\/disulfide homeostasis in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and \u0131ts relation with disease subtypes. Comprehensive Psych 73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.11.003"},{"key":"2358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayayd\u0131n H, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7aslan F, Koyuncu \u0130, \u00c7elik H, \u00c7al\u0131k M, G\u00fczel\u00e7i\u00e7ek A, Kirmit A (2021) Impaired thiol\/disulfide homeostasis in children diagnosed with autism: a case\u2013control study. J Mol Neurosci 71(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-021-01790-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-021-01790-1"},{"key":"2358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balachandar V, Rajagopalan K, Jayaramayya K, Jeevanandam M, Iyer M (2021) Mitochondrial dysfunction: a hidden trigger of autism?. Genes and Diseases. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.07.002"},{"key":"2358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.017","volume":"160","author":"G Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund G, Tinkov AA, Hosnedlov\u00e1 B, Kizek R, Ajsuvakova OP, Chirumbolo S, Skalnaya MG, Peana M, Dadar M, El-Ansary A, Qasem H, Adams JB, Aaseth J, Skalny AV (2020) The role of glutathione redox imbalance in autism spectrum disorder: a review. Free Radic Biol Med 160:149\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105437","volume":"166","author":"G Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund G, Do\u015fa MD, Maes M, Dadar M, Frye RE, Peana M, Chirumbolo S (2021) The impact of glutathione metabolism in autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res. 166:105437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105437","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"2358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669089","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.669089","volume":"12","author":"AM Castejon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castejon AM, Spaw JA, Rozenfeld I, Sheinberg N, Kabot S, Shaw A, Hardigan P, Faillace R, Packer EE (2021) Improving antioxidant capacity in children with autism: a randomized, double-blind controlled study with cysteine-rich whey protein. Front Psych 12:669089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.669089","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"8","key":"2358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0775-4","volume":"37","author":"A Chauhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chauhan A, Audhya T, Chauhan V (2012) Brain Region-Specific Glutathione Redox Imbalance in Autism. Neurochem Res 37(8):1681\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-012-0775-4","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan A, Chauhan V (2015) Increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in autism[M]. In The Molecular Basis of Autism, 407\u2013425. New York: Springer. http:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9781493921898","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2190-4_20"},{"key":"2358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen L, Shi XJ, Liu H, Mao X, Gui LN, Wang H, Cheng Y (2021) Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109). Translational Psych 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3"},{"key":"2358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Circu ML, Aw TY (2010) Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Rad Biol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.09.010","volume":"29","author":"R Deth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deth R (2008) How environmental and genetic factors combine to cause autism: a redox\/methylation hypothesis. Neurotoxicology 29(1):190\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.09.010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Efe A, Ne\u015felio\u011flu S, Soykan A (2021) An \u0131nvestigation of the dynamic thiol\/disulfide homeostasis, as a novel oxidative stress plasma biomarker, in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research 14(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2436","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2436"},{"issue":"18","key":"2358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","volume":"47","author":"O Erel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erel O, Neselioglu S (2014) A novel and automated assay for thiol\/disulphide homeostasis. Clin Biochem 47(18):326\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"2358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","volume":"38","author":"O Erel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Erel O (2005) A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 38(12):1103\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erel O (2004) A Novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 37 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015"},{"key":"2358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erel \u00d6, Erdo\u011fan S (2020) Thiol-disulfide homeostasis: an \u0131ntegrated approach with biochemical and clinical aspects. Turkish J Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-2003-64","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2003-64"},{"key":"2358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eren Y, Dirik E, Ne\u015felio\u011flu S, Erel \u00d6 (2015) Oxidative stress and decreased thiol level in patients with migraine: cross-sectional study. Acta Neurologica Belgica 115 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-015-0427-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-015-0427-y"},{"key":"2358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ergin Tuncay M, Atagun MI, Erel O (2023) Thiol disulfide homeostasis in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psych 123 (April): 110719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2023.110719","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2023.110719"},{"key":"2358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Francenia Santos-S\u00e1nchez N, Salas-Coronado R, Villanueva-Ca\u00f1ongo C, Hern\u00e1ndez-Carlos B (2019) Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism. In Antioxidants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.85270","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.85270"},{"issue":"10","key":"2358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.011","volume":"52","author":"A Frustaci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frustaci A, Neri M, Cesario A, Adams JB, Domenici E, Bernardina BD, Bonassi S (2012) Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in autism: systematic review and meta-analyses. Free Radical Biol Med 52(10):2128\u20132141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.011","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"2358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghanizadeh A, Akhondzadeh S, Hormozi M, Makarem A, Abotorabi-Zarchi M, Firoozabadi A (2012) Glutathione-related factors and oxidative stress in autism, a review. Curr Med Chem 19(23). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/092986712802002572","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712802002572"},{"key":"2358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u0142owacki R, Bald E (2009) Fully automated method for simultaneous determination of total cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and homocysteine in plasma by HPLC with UV absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B: Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 877 (28). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.06.012"},{"key":"2358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fraguela M (2013) Oxidative stress markers in children with autism spectrum disorders. British J Med Med Res 3(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjmmr\/2013\/2335","DOI":"10.9734\/bjmmr\/2013\/2335"},{"key":"2358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grice D, Browne HA, Buxbaum J, Hansen SN, Modabbernia A, Parner ET, Reichenberg A, Schendel DE (2017) Parental age and differential risk for Asd, Adhd, Ocd And Tic disorders: data from a large national cohort. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.09.586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.09.586"},{"key":"2358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.021","volume":"65","author":"F Gu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu F, Chauhan V, Chauhan A (2013) Impaired synthesis and antioxidant defense of glutathione in the cerebellum of autistic subjects: alterations in the activities and protein expression of glutathione-related enzymes. Free Radical Biol Med 65:488\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.021","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"2358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hulbert AJ, Pamplona R, Buffenstein R, Buttemer WA (2007) Life and death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. Physiol Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00047.2006","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2006"},{"key":"2358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones DP, Liang Y (2009) Measuring the poise of thiol\/disulfide couples in vivo. Free Rad Biol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.021"},{"key":"2358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu X, Lin J, Zhang H, Khan NU, Zhang J, Tang X, Cao X, Shen L (2022) Oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder\u2014current progress of mechanisms and biomarkers. Front Psych. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813304","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813304"},{"key":"2358_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Durkin MS et al. (2023) Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years \u2014 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 72(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1"},{"key":"2358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morimoto M, Hashimoto T, Tsuda Y, Nakatsu T, Kitaoka T, Kyotani S (2020) Assessment of oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder using reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential. PLoS ONE 15(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233550"},{"key":"2358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morimoto M, Hashimoto T, Tsuda Y, Suenaga M, Nakamura T, Katoh S (2023) Study on oxidative stress and \u0131nflammatory\/antioxidant substance levels in autism spectrum disorder. J Chinese Med Assoc 86(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000917","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000917"},{"key":"2358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.020","volume":"88","author":"A Nadeem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Al-Ayadhi LY, Al-Harbi NO, Bakheet SA (2019) Dysregulated enzymatic antioxidant network in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes in children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych 88:352\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych"},{"key":"2358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117727192211239","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719221123913","volume":"17","author":"O Nasrallah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasrallah O, Alzeer S (2022) Measuring some oxidative stress biomarkers in autistic syrian children and their siblings: a case-control study. Biomarker Insights 17:11772719221123912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11772719221123913","journal-title":"Biomarker Insights"},{"key":"2358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osredkar J, Gosar D, Ma\u010dek J, KumerK, Fabjan T, Finderle P, \u0160terpin S, Zupan M, Vrhov\u0161ek MJ (2019) Urinary markers of oxidative stress in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Antioxidants 8 (6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8060187","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060187"},{"key":"2358_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozkan Y, Kandemir H, Sapmaz SY, Taneli F, Ozdemir H, Ozkan OG (2021) Thiol\/disulfide homeostasis in medication-naive children and adolescents with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. J Psych Res 140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.084"},{"key":"2358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey KB, Rizvi SI (2010) Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and plasma during aging in humans. Oxidative Med Cell Longevity 3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/oxim.3.1.10476","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.1.10476"},{"key":"2358_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pangrazzi L, Balasco L, Bozzi Y (2020) Oxidative stress and \u0131mmune system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Intl J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093288"},{"key":"2358_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park MN, Moulton EE, Laugeson EA (2023) Parent-assisted social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder: PEERS for preschoolers. Focus Autism Other Dev Disab 38(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10883576221110158","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576221110158"},{"key":"2358_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez YG, Gonz\u00e1lez P\u00e9rez LCG, Netto Rita de C\u00e1ssia M, de Lima DSN, Lima ES (2012) Malondialdehyde and sulfhydryl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 52(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0482-50042012000400016","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042012000400016"},{"key":"2358_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Lamberti M, Turriziani L, Cucinotta F, Brogna C, Vitiello B, Arango C (2021) The pediatric psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review - part I: the past and the present. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psych. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110326"},{"key":"2358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizvi SI, Maurya PK (2007) Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes during aging in humans. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1395.041","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1395.041"},{"key":"2358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rose S, Melnyk S, Pavliv O, Bai S, Nick TG, Frye RE, James SJ (2012) Evidence of oxidative damage and inflammation associated with low glutathione redox status in the autism brain. Translational Psych 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2012.61","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.61"},{"key":"2358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rose S, Frye RE, Slattery J, Wynne R, Tippett M, Pavliv O, Melnyk S, James SJ (2014) Oxidative stress \u0131nduces mitochondrial dysfunction in a subset of autism lymphoblastoid cell lines in a well-matched case control cohort. PLoS ONE 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085436"},{"issue":"4","key":"2358_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.165","volume":"17","author":"DA Rossignol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2012) A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: \u0131mmune dysregulation, \u0131nflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures. Mol Psychiatry 17(4):389\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2011.165","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2358_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salim S (2017) Oxidative stress and the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.116.237503","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.237503"},{"key":"2358_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schieber M, Chandel NS (2014) ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.034"},{"key":"2358_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turell L, Radi R, Alvarez B (2013) The thiol pool in human plasma: the central contribution of albumin to redox processes. Free Radic Biol Med 65: P. 244\u201353. n.d","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.050"},{"key":"2358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Usui N, Kobayashi H, Shimada S (2023) Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Intl J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065487"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:28:21Z","timestamp":1751351301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-025-02358-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}