{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:27:00Z","timestamp":1792798020441,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Neurosci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T01:20:29Z","timestamp":1776993629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reimagining GSK-3\u03b2 Therapeutics in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Inhibition to Activity Normalization and Targeted Degradation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Emad","family":"Manni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayder M.","family":"Al-kuraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabab","family":"Eisawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2518_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2025.114692","volume":"156","author":"AM Abdelaziz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdelaziz AM (2025) Alpha-synuclein drives NURR1 and NLRP3 inflammasome dysregulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 156:114692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2025.114692","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelaziz AM, Rasheed NOA, Zaki HF, Salem HA, El-Sayed RM (2024) Canagliflozin attenuates neurodegeneration and ameliorates dyskinesia through targeting the NLRP3\/Nurr1\/GSK-3\u03b2\/SIRT3 pathway and autophagy modulation in rotenone-lesioned rats. Int Immunopharmacol 146: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.113839","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.113839"},{"key":"2518_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100647","volume":"296","author":"SB Alabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alabi SB, Crews CM (2021) Major advances in targeted protein degradation: PROTACs, LYTACs, and MADTACs. J Biol Chem 296:100647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100647","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2025.1693805\/FULL","volume":"16","author":"HH Alhassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhassan HH, Janiyani K, Surti M, Adnan M, Patel M (2025) The dual role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3\u03b2) in neurodegenerative pathologies: interplay between autophagy and disease progression. Front Pharmacol 16:1693805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2025.1693805\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13334","volume":"14","author":"HM Al-kuraishy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Nadwa EH, Albogami SM, Alorabi M, Saad HM, Batiha GES (2022) Metformin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a hidden treasure. J Diabetes 14:806\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.13334","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2518_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almohmadi NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Albuhadily AK, Al-Gareeb AI, Abdelaziz AM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, El-Saber Batiha G (2025) Alzheimer disease: Amyloid peptide controversies and challenges of anti-A\u03b2 immunotherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 392:103639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpet.2025.103639.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2025.103639"},{"key":"2518_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102058","volume":"24","author":"AC Amaral","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amaral AC, Perez-Nievas BG, Siao Tick Chong M, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Argente-Escrig H, Rubio-Guerra S, Commins C, Muftu S, Eftekharzadeh B, Hudry E, Fan Z, Ramanan P, Takeda S, Frosch MP, Wegmann S, Gomez-Isla T (2021) Isoform-selective decrease of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3\u03b2) reduces synaptic tau phosphorylation, transcellular spreading, and aggregation. Iscience 24:102058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102058","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"2518_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1038\/S41418-022-00997-Y","volume":"29","author":"S Arumugam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arumugam S, Qin Y, Liang Z, Han SN, Boodapati SLT, Li J, Lu Q, Flavell RA, Mehal WZ, Ouyang X (2022) GSK3\u03b2 mediates the spatiotemporal dynamics of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Death Differ 29:2060\u20132069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41418-022-00997-Y","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2518_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070797","volume":"408","author":"J Bain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bain J, Plater L, Elliott M, Shpiro N, Hastie CJ, Mclauchlan H, Klevernic I, Arthur JSC, Alessi DR, Cohen P (2007) The selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors: a further update. Biochem J 408:297\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20070797","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2518_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118746","volume":"1867","author":"JL Barr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barr JL, Unterwald EM (2020) Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in cellular and behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1867:118746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118746","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2518_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02113-z","volume":"28","author":"N Basheer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Basheer N, Smolek T, Hassan I, Liu F, Iqbal K, Zilka N, Novak P (2023) Does modulation of tau hyperphosphorylation represent a reasonable therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease? From preclinical studies to the clinical trials. Mol Psychiatry 28(6):2197\u20132214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-023-02113-z","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2518_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21934","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802481200","volume":"283","author":"E Beurel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beurel E, Jope RS (2008) Differential regulation of STAT family members by glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Biol Chem 283:21934\u201321944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M802481200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2518_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00371-6","volume":"21","author":"M B\u00e9k\u00e9s","year":"2022","unstructured":"B\u00e9k\u00e9s M, Langley DR, Crews CM (2022) PROTAC targeted protein degraders: the past is prologue. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21(3):181\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-021-00371-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2518_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1676414","volume":"15","author":"J Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai J, Chen C, Wang J, Zhang X, Cui Y, Zhu Q, Sun H (2025) PROTAC: a revolutionary technology propelling small molecule drugs into the next golden age. Front Oncol 15:1676414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1676414","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2518_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/IJMM.2023.5239","volume":"51","author":"F Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao F, Yang K, Qiu S, Li J, Jiang W, Tao L, Zhu Y (2023) Metformin reverses oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in pre-osteoblasts via the EGFR\/GSK-3\u03b2\/calcium pathway. Int J Mol Med 51:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/IJMM.2023.5239","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2518_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30029-8","volume":"18","author":"WM Carroll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carroll WM (2019) The global burden of neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 18:418\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30029-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2518_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1136\/GUTJNL-2021-326269","volume":"71","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jones R, Haran J, McCormick B, Sampson TR, Alam A, Ye K (2022) Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut 71:2233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/GUTJNL-2021-326269","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2518_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ALZ.14432","volume":"21","author":"J Cheon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheon J, Kwon S, Kim M (2025) Exerkines mitigating Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression by regulating inflammation: focusing on macrophage\/microglial NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Alzheimers Dement 21:e14432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ALZ.14432","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2518_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1042\/bio_2021_148","volume":"43","author":"A Ciulli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciulli A, Trainor N (2021) A beginner\u2019s guide to PROTACs and targeted protein degradation. Biochem (Lond) 43:74\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bio_2021_148","journal-title":"Biochem (Lond)"},{"key":"2518_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(00)00025-9","volume":"7","author":"MP Coghlan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coghlan MP, Culbert AA, Cross DAE, Corcoran SL, Yates JW, Pearce NJ, Rausch OL, Murphy GJ, Carter PS, Roxbee Cox L, Mills D, Brown MJ, Haigh D, Ward RW, Smith DG, Murray KJ, Reith AD, Holder JC (2000) Selective small molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 modulate glycogen metabolism and gene transcription. Chem Biol 7:793\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1074-5521(00)00025-9","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"2518_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1415","volume":"3","author":"P Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen P, Goedert M (2004) GSK3 inhibitors: development and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:479\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd1415","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2518_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00894-1","volume":"20","author":"M Corraliza-Gomez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Corraliza-Gomez M, Vargas-Soria M, Garcia-Alloza M (2025) Effect of antidiabetic drugs in Alzheimer\u00b4s disease: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Mol Neurodegener 20:112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-025-00894-1","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2518_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17019","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b08008","volume":"140","author":"PM Cromm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cromm PM, Samarasinghe KTG, Hines J, Crews CM (2018) Addressing Kinase-Independent Functions of Fak via PROTAC-Mediated Degradation. J Am Chem Soc 140:17019\u201317026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.8b08008","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2518_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/TRC2.70098","volume":"11","author":"JL Cummings","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cummings JL, Zhou Y, Lee G, Zhong K, Fonseca J, Leisgang-Osse AM, Cheng F (2025) Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2025. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia\u202f: Transl Res Clin Interv 11:e70098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/TRC2.70098","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia\u202f: Transl Res Clin Interv"},{"key":"2518_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2020.2.03","volume":"71","author":"A Czarnywojtek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czarnywojtek A, Zgorzalewicz-Stachowiak M, Czarnocka B, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Gut P, Krela-Kazmierczak I, Ruchala M (2020) Effect of lithium carbonate on the function of the thyroid gland: mechanism of action and clinical implications. J Physiol Pharmacol 71:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26402\/jpp.2020.2.03","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120805","volume":"33","author":"T Del Ser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Del Ser T, Steinwachs KC, Gertz HJ, Andr\u00e9s MV, G\u00f3mez-Carrillo B, Medina M, Vericat JA, Redondo P, Fleet D, Le\u00f3n T (2013) Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis 33:205\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2012-120805","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169098","volume":"22","author":"S Demuro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demuro S, Di Martino RMC, Ortega JA, Cavalli A (2021) GSK-3\u03b2, FYN, and DYRK1A: master regulators in neurodegenerative pathways. Int J Mol Sci 22:9098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22169098","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c00949","volume":"68","author":"B Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding B, Hu J, Shou B, Jiang L, Yang B, Cao J, Zhu CL (2025) Phenotypic Screening for Targeted Protein Degradation: Strategies, Challenges, and Emerging Opportunities. J Med Chem 68:18024\u201318039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c00949","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030412","volume":"16","author":"DMS Dissanayaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dissanayaka DMS, Jayasena V, Rainey-Smith SR, Martins RN, Fernando WMADB (2024) The role of diet and gut microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nutrients 16:412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16030412","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2518_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913138107","volume":"107","author":"J Du","year":"2010","unstructured":"Du J, Wei Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Khairova R, Blumenthal R, Tragon T, Hunsberger JG, Machado-Vieira R, Drevets W, Wang YT, Manji HK (2010) A kinesin signaling complex mediates the ability of GSK-3\u03b2 to affect mood-associated behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:11573\u201311578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0913138107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2518_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1293-0","volume":"122","author":"PF Durrenberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durrenberger PF, Fernando FS, Kashefi SN, Bonnert TP, Seilhean D, Nait-Oumesmar B, Schmitt A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Falkai P, Gr\u00fcnblatt E, Palkovits M, Arzberger T, Kretzschmar H, Dexter DT, Reynolds R (2015) Common mechanisms in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation: a BrainNet Europe gene expression microarray study. J Neural Transm 122:1055\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-014-1293-0","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2518_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El-Sayed RM, Abdelaziz AM, Zaki HF, Abdel Rasheed NO (2023) Cilostazol novel neuroprotective mechanism against rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in rats: Correlation between Nrf2 and HMGB1\/TLR4\/PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 117: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2023.109986","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2023.109986"},{"key":"2518_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0604-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"T Engel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engel T, Hern\u00e1ndez F, Avila J, Lucas JJ (2006) Full reversal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like phenotype in a mouse model with conditional overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Neurosci 26:5083\u20135090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0604-06.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.02.002.2009","volume":"2","author":"O Engmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engmann O, Giese KP (2009) Crosstalk between Cdk5 and GSK3\u03b2: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2:517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.02.002.2009","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2021.1915979","volume":"16","author":"K Farrell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farrell K, Jarome TJ (2021) Is PROTAC technology really a game changer for central nervous system drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 16:833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17460441.2021.1915979","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"key":"2518_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2019.02.005","volume":"108","author":"B Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng B, West M, Patel NC, Wager T, Hou X, Johnson J, Tremaine L, Liras J (2019) Validation of Human MDR1-MDCK and BCRP-MDCK Cell Lines to Improve the Prediction of Brain Penetration. J Pharm Sci 108:2476\u20132483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2019.02.005","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85444","volume":"12","author":"M Gavagan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gavagan M, Jameson N, Zalatan JG (2023) The Axin scaffold protects the kinase GSK3\u03b2 from cross-pathway inhibition. Elife 12:e85444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.85444","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2518_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122764","volume":"18","author":"MOW Grimm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grimm MOW, Thiel A, Lauer AA, Winkler J, Lehmann J, Regner L, Nelke C, Janitschke D, Benoist C, Streidenberger O, St\u00f6tzel H, Endres K, Herr C, Beisswenger C, Grimm HS, Bals R, Lammert F, Hartmann T (2017) Vitamin D and its analogues decrease amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) formation and increase A\u03b2-degradation. Int J Mol Sci 18:2764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18122764","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSCHEMNEURO.3C00096","volume":"14","author":"M Guardigni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guardigni M, Pruccoli L, Santini A, De Simone A, Bersani M, Spyrakis F, Frabetti F, Uliassi E, Andrisano V, Pagliarani B, Fern\u00e1ndez-G\u00f3mez P, Palomo V, Bolognesi ML, Tarozzi A, Milelli A (2023) PROTAC-induced glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 degradation as a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 14:1963\u20131970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSCHEMNEURO.3C00096","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010195","volume":"15","author":"RTU Haid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haid RTU, Reichel A (2023) A Mechanistic Pharmacodynamic Modeling Framework for the Assessment and Optimization of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs). Pharmaceutics 15:195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010195","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2518_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01568-8","author":"S Haque","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haque S, Mathkor DM, Wahid M, Suri H, Ahmad F (2025) Identification of novel scaffolds against GSK-3\u03b2 for targeting Alzheimer\u2019s disease through molecular modeling techniques. Cell Mol Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-025-01568-8","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2518_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123757","volume":"27","author":"M Haroun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haroun M, Chobe SS, Alavala RR, Mathure SM, Jamullamudi RN, Nerkar CK, Gugulothu VK, Tratrat C, Islam MM, Venugopala KN, Habeebuddin M, Telsang M, Sreeharsha N, Anwer MK (2022) 1,5-Benzothiazepine derivatives: green synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation as anticancer agents. Molecules 27:3757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27123757","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2518_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00151","volume":"14","author":"MA Hern\u00e1ndez-Sapi\u00e9ns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sapi\u00e9ns MA, Reza-Zald\u00edvar EE, Cevallos RR, M\u00e1rquez-Aguirre AL, Gazarian K, Canales-Aguirre AA (2020) A three-dimensional Alzheimer\u2019s disease cell culture model using iPSC-derived neurons carrying A246E mutation in PSEN1. Front Cell Neurosci 14:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2020.00151","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202500203","volume":"20","author":"A Himaja","year":"2025","unstructured":"Himaja A, Halder D, Banerjee S, Biswas S, Adhikari N, Ghosh B (2025) PROTAC-Based HDAC Degradation: A Paradigm Shift in Targeted Epigenetic Therapies. ChemMedChem 20:e202500203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cmdc.202500203","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63928-8","volume":"16","author":"A Holmqvist","year":"2025","unstructured":"Holmqvist A, Kocaturk NM, Duncan C, Riley J, Baginski S, Marsh G, Cresser-Brown J, Maple H, Juvonen K, Sathe G, Morrice N, Sutherland C, Read KD, Farnaby W (2025) Discovery of a CNS active GSK3 degrader using orthogonally reactive linker screening. Nat Commun 16(1):8857-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-63928-8","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2518_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hong Ma R, Zhang Y, Yue Hong X, Fei Zhang J, Wang JZ, Ping Liu G (2017) Role of microtubule-associated protein tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 37:307\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-017-1732-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-017-1732-x"},{"key":"2518_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PRP2.70131","volume":"13","author":"MS Hossain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hossain MS, Hussain MH (2025) Multi-Target Drug Design in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment: Emerging Technologies, Advantages, Challenges, and Limitations. Pharmacol Res Perspect 13:e70131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PRP2.70131","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"2518_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaworski T, Banach-Kasper E, Gralec K (2019) GSK-3\u03b2 at the intersection of neuronal plasticity and neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4209475","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4209475"},{"key":"2518_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBI.2021.08.213","volume":"98","author":"M Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang M, Zhang X, Yan X, Mizutani S, Kashiwazaki H, Ni J, Wu Z (2021a) GSK3\u03b2 is involved in promoting Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologies following chronic systemic exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in amyloid precursor proteinNL-F\/NL-F knock-in mice. Brain Behav Immun 98:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BBI.2021.08.213","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2518_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.7b00463","volume":"9","author":"XY Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang XY, Chen TK, Zhou JT, He SY, Yang HY, Chen Y, Qu W, Feng F, Sun HP (2018) Dual GSK-3\u03b2\/AChE inhibitors as a new strategy for multitargeting anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 9:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.7b00463","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"2518_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJMECH.2020.112949","volume":"210","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Liu X, Xu K, Xu J, Feng F, Sun H (2021b) PROTACs suppression of GSK-3\u03b2, a crucial kinase in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 210:112949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EJMECH.2020.112949","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin N, Yin X, Yu D, Cao M, Gong CX, Iqbal K, Ding F, Gu X, Liu F (2015) Truncation and activation of GSK-3\u03b2 by calpain I: a molecular mechanism links to tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 5(1):8187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep08187","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08187"},{"key":"2518_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jitendra Joshi N, Raja Sekhar Reddy A (2024) Navigating the GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitors as versatile multi-target drug ligands in Alzheimer\u2019s disease intervention \u2013 A comprehensive review. Results Chem 7:101500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101500"},{"key":"2518_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joga SMR, Gandhi K, Yerram S, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S (2025) Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in oncology: a review of patents and regulatory considerations. Pharm Pat Anal 13:187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20468954.2025.2500809","DOI":"10.1080\/20468954.2025.2500809"},{"key":"2518_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00206-2","volume":"24","author":"RS Jope","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jope RS (2003) Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:441\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00206-2","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2025.1662241","volume":"16","author":"AI Kareem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kareem AI, Kapp E, Joubert J, Zou X (2025) Dual GSK3\u03b2\/SIRT1 modulators for Alzheimer\u2019s: mechanisms, drug discovery and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 16:1662241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2025.1662241","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x18666200528142429","volume":"18","author":"S Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan S, Barve KH, Kumar MS (2020) Recent advancements in pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 18:1106\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x18666200528142429","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.2c00366","volume":"62","author":"C Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim C, Wang XD, Liu Z, Zha S, Yu Y (2022) Targeting Scaffolding Functions of Enzymes using PROTAC Approaches. Biochemistry 62:561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biochem.2c00366","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2518_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/129753","volume":"2011","author":"J Koistinaho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koistinaho J, Malm T, Goldsteins G (2011) Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2: a mediator of inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011:129753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/129753","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.26","volume":"5","author":"SY Kook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, Cha MY, Kang S, Baik SH, Lee H, Park R, Mook-Jung I (2014) High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5XFAD mice. Cell Death Dis 5:e1083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cddis.2014.26","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16635","volume":"11","author":"S Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai S, Wang P, Gong J, Zhang S (2023) New insights into the role of GSK-3\u03b2 in the brain: from neurodegenerative disease to tumorigenesis. PeerJ 11:e16635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.16635","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2518_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0087-2","volume":"11","author":"V Landel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landel V, Millet P, Baranger K, Loriod B, F\u00e9ron F (2016) Vitamin D interacts with Esr1 and Igf1 to regulate molecular pathways relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 11:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-016-0087-2","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2518_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104159","volume":"25","author":"SM Law","year":"2022","unstructured":"Law SM, Zheng JJ (2022) Premise and peril of Wnt signaling activation through GSK-3\u03b2 inhibition. Iscience 25:104159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104159","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"2518_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/189246","volume":"2011","author":"P Lei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI, Adlard PA (2011a) GSK-3 in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011:189246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/189246","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI, Adlard PA (2011) GSK-3 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/189246","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/189246"},{"key":"2518_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308677","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Long Q, Ding H, Wang Y, Luo D, Li Z, Zhang W (2024) Progress in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases Based on Nanosized Traditional Chinese Medicine. Adv Sci 11:2308677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202308677","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu119","volume":"23","author":"NKH Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim NKH, Hung LW, Pang TY, Mclean CA, Liddell JR, Hilton JB, Li QX, White AR, Hannan AJ, Crouch PJ (2014) Localized changes to glycogen synthase kinase-3 and collapsin response mediator protein-2 in the Huntington\u2019s disease affected brain. Hum Mol Genet 23:4051\u20134063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddu119","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2518_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067215","volume":"8","author":"TY Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin TY, Lin YW, Lu CW, Huang SK, Wang SJ (2013) Berberine Inhibits the Release of Glutamate in Nerve Terminals from Rat Cerebral Cortex. PLoS ONE 8:e67215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067215","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2518_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.019","volume":"152","author":"R Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li R, Liu Z, Wu X, Yu Z, Zhao S, Tang X (2019) Lithium chloride promoted hematoma resolution after intracerebral hemorrhage through GSK-3\u03b2-mediated pathways-dependent microglia phagocytosis and M2-phenotype differentiation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a rat model. Brain Res Bull 152:117\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.019","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2518_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16930","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c05499","volume":"144","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Kalogeropulou AF, Domingos S, Makukhin N, Nirujogi RS, Singh F, Shpiro N, Saalfrank A, Sammler E, Ganley IG, Moreira R, Alessi DR, Ciulli A (2022) Discovery of XL01126: a potent, fast, cooperative, selective, orally bioavailable, and blood-brain barrier penetrant PROTAC degrader of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. J Am Chem Soc 144:16930\u201316952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.2c05499","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2518_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42233-2","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yang J, Wang T, Luo M, Chen Y, Chen C, Ronai Z, Zhou Y, Ruppin E, Han L (2023) Expanding PROTACtable genome universe of E3 ligases. Nat Commun 14:6509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-42233-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2518_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang B, Yao T, Shen X, Li H, Jiang W, Xinuo Li, Zhu Z (2026) PROTAC-Mediated Multi-Target Protein Degradation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanistic Insights, Therapeutic Applications, and Translational Challenges. RSC Med Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5MD00963D","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MD00963D"},{"key":"2518_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2025.1583886","volume":"16","author":"Z Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Z, Gong C (2025) NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: molecular mechanisms and emerging therapies. Front Immunol 16:1583886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2025.1583886","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2518_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2014.00046","volume":"7","author":"M Llorens-Mart\u00edn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Llorens-Mart\u00edn M, Jurado J, Hern\u00e1ndez F, \u00c1vila J (2014) GSK-3\u00ce\u00b2, a pivotal kinase in Alzheimer disease. Front Mol Neurosci 7:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2014.00046","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141959","volume":"45","author":"S Lovestone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lovestone S, Boada M, Dubois B, H\u00fcll M, Rinne JO, Huppertz HJ, Calero M, Andr\u00e9s MV, G\u00f3mez-Carrillo B, Le\u00f3n T, Del Ser T (2015) A phase II trial of tideglusib in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 45:75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-141959","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103985","volume":"25","author":"X Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo X, Archibeque I, Dellamaggiore K, Smither K, Homann O, Lipford JR, Mohl D (2022) Profiling of diverse tumor types establishes the broad utility of VHL-based ProTaCs and triages candidate ubiquitin ligases. Iscience 25:103985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103985","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"2518_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S178688","volume":"11","author":"Z Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo Z, Zhu T, Luo W, Lv Y, Zhang L, Wang C, Li M, Wu W, Shi S (2019) Metformin induces apoptotic cytotoxicity depending on AMPK\/PKA\/GSK-3\u03b2-mediated c-FLIP l degradation in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res 11:681\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CMAR.S178688","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"2518_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64516","volume":"123","author":"PTT Ly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ly PTT, Wu Y, Zou H, Wang R, Zhou W, Kinoshita A, Zhang M, Yang Y, Cai F, Woodgett J, Song W (2013) Inhibition of GSK3\u03b2-mediated BACE1 expression reduces Alzheimer-associated phenotypes. J Clin Invest 123:224\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI64516","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2518_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1021\/jm011020u","volume":"45","author":"A Martinez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinez A, Alonso M, Castro A, P\u00e9rez C, Moreno FJ (2002) First non-ATP competitive glycogen synthase kinase 3 \u03b2 (GSK-3\u03b2) inhibitors: thiadiazolidinones (TDZD) as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Med Chem 45:1292\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jm011020u","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168975","volume":"22","author":"L Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez L, Gonzalo-Consuegra C, G\u00f3mez-Almer\u00eda M, Porras G, de Lago E, Mart\u00edn-Requero \u00c1, Mart\u00ednez A (2021) Tideglusib, a non-atp competitive inhibitor of gsk-3as a drug candidate for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 22:8975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168975","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00291","volume":"10","author":"P Mart\u00edn-Maestro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Maestro P, Gargini R, Sproul AA, Garc\u00eda E, Ant\u00f3n LC, Noggle S, Arancio O, Avila J, Garc\u00eda-Escudero V (2017) Mitophagy failure in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neurons of alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated presenilin 1 mutation. Front Mol Neurosci 10:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00291","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-100186","volume":"68","author":"TL Mathuram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathuram TL, Reece LM, Cherian KM (2018) GSK-3 inhibitors: a double-edged sword? \u2013 an update on Tideglusib. Drug Res 68:436\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-100186","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"key":"2518_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1007\/S13346-022-01284-6","volume":"13","author":"DA McBride","year":"2023","unstructured":"McBride DA, Dorn NC, Yao M, Johnson WT, Wang W, Bottini N, Shah NJ (2023) Short-chain fatty acid-mediated epigenetic modulation of inflammatory T cells in vitro. Drug Deliv Transl Res 13:1912\u20131924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13346-022-01284-6","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"key":"2518_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600633","volume":"24","author":"EJ McManus","year":"2005","unstructured":"McManus EJ, Sakamoto K, Armit LJ, Ronaldson L, Shpiro N, Marquez R, Alessi DR (2005) Role that phosphorylation of GSK3 plays in insulin and Wnt signalling defined by knockin analysis. EMBO J 24:1571\u20131583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600633","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2518_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2003.11.010","volume":"10","author":"L Meijer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meijer L, Skaltsounis AL, Magiatis P, Polychronopoulos P, Giatas A (2003) N, GSK-3-selective inhibitors derived from indirubins, the active ingredient of a traditional Chinese medicine recipe. Chem Biol 10:1255\u20131266","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"2518_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15014","volume":"177","author":"K Moreau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moreau K, Coen M, Zhang AX, Pachl F, Castaldi MP, Dahl G, Boyd H, Scott C, Newham P (2020) Proteolysis-targeting chimeras in drug development: A safety perspective. Br J Pharmacol 177:1709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.15014","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2518_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0839-1","volume":"55","author":"M Morello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morello M, Landel V, Lacassagne E, Baranger K, Annweiler C, F\u00e9ron F, Millet P (2018) Vitamin D Improves Neurogenesis and Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 55:6463\u20136479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0839-1","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2518_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04874-w","author":"EP Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez EP, Flor-Garc\u00eda M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Vivanco A, Terreros-Roncal J, Rodr\u00edguez-Moreno CB, Toni N, M\u00e9ndez P, Llorens-Mart\u00edn M (2023) GSK-3\u03b2 orchestrates the inhibitory innervation of adult-born dentate granule cells in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-023-04874-w","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101971","volume":"26","author":"K Murakami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murakami K, Murata N, Ozawa Y, Kinoshita N, Irie K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T (2011) Vitamin C restores behavioral deficits and amyloid-\u03b2 oligomerization without affecting plaque formation in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 26:7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2011-101971","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR99","unstructured":"Navigating the Hook Effect in PROTAC Assays with SS47 Tfa: A Technical Support Guide (2025)"},{"key":"2518_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118085","author":"J Neerasa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neerasa J, Kim B, Chung H (2025) Novel dual-targeting PROTAC degraders of GSK-3\u03b2 and CDK5: a promising approach for pancreatic cancer treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118085","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F, Abdoli A, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Akram TT, Al Hamad H, Alahdab F, Alanezi FM, Alipour V, Almustanyir S, Amu H, Ansari I, Arabloo J, Ashraf T, Astell-Burt T, Ayano G, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Baig AA, Barnett A, Barrow A, Baune BT, B\u00e9jot Y, Mequanint Bezabhe WM, Bezabih YM, Bhagavathula AS, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bijani A, Biswas A, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Brayne C, Brenner H, Burkart K, Burns RA, C\u00e1mera LA, Cao C, Carvalho F, Castro-De-Araujo LFS, Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez F, Cerin E, Chavan PP, Cherbuin N, Chu DT, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Dadras O, Dai X, Dandona L, Dandona R, De la Cruz-G\u00f3ngora V, Dhamnetiya D, da Silva DD, Diaz D, Douiri A, Edvardsson D, Ekholuenetale M, El Sayed I, El-Jaafary SI, Eskandari K, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeilnejad S, Fares J, Faro A, Farooque U, Feigin VL, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Filip I, Fillit H, Fischer F, Gaidhane S, Galluzzo L, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Gialluisi A, Gilani SA, Glavan IR, Gnedovskaya EV, Golechha M, Gupta R, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Haider MR, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Hankey GJ, Haque S, Hartono RK, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MT, Hassan A, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Herteliu C, Househ M, Hussain R, Hwang BF, Iacoviello L, Iavicoli I, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Irvani SSN, Iso H, Iwagami M, Jabbarinejad R, Jacob L, Jain V, Jayapal SK, Jayawardena R, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Kalani R, Kandel A, Kandel H, Karch A, Kasa AS, Kassie GM, Keshavarz P, Khan MAB, Khatib MN, Khoja TAM, Khubchandani J, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivim\u00e4ki M, Koroshetz WJ, Koyanagi A, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Lak HM, Leonardi M, Li B, Lim SS, Liu X, Liu Y, Logroscinov, Lorkowski S, Lucchetti G, Saute RL, Magnani FG, Malik AA, Massano J, Mehndiratta MM, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Mohajer B, Ibrahim NM, Mohammad Y, Mohammed A, Mokdad AH, Mondello S, Moni MA, Moniruzzaman M, Mossie TB, Nagel G, Naveed M, Nayak VC, Kandel SN, Nguyen TH, Oancea B, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, Panda-Jonas S, Kan FP, Pasovic M, Patel UK, Pathak M, Peres MFP, Perianayagam A, Peterson CB, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Piradov MA, Pond CD, Potashman MH, Pottoo FH, Prada SI, Radfar A, Raggi A, Rahim F, Rahman M, Ram P, Ranasinghe P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Robinson SR, Romoli M, Roshandel G, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Schiavolin S, Seylani A, Sha F, Shaikh MA, Shaji KS, Shannawaz M, Shetty JK, Shigematsu M, Il Shin J, Shiri R, Santos Silva DA, Silva JP, Silva R, Singh JA, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Smith AE, Soshnikov S, Spurlock EE, Stein DJ, Sun J, Tabar\u00e9s-Seisdedos R, Thakur B, Timalsina B, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tsegaye GW, Tahbaz SV, Valdez PR, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov V, Vu GT, Vu LG, Wang YP, Wimo A, Winkler AS, Yadav L, Jabbari SHY, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yunusa I, Zadey S, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang ZJ, Murray CJL, Vos T (2022) Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet Public Health 7:e105\u2013e125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8"},{"key":"2518_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105225","volume":"149","author":"A Noori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noori A, Mezlini AM, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A, Das S (2021) Systematic review and meta-analysis of human transcriptomics reveals neuroinflammation, deficient energy metabolism, and proteostasis failure across neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 149:105225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105225","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS26157268","volume":"26","author":"VS Nunkoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nunkoo VS, Jurcau A, Les M, Cristian A, Militaru M, Marge C, Iovanovici DC, Jurcau MC (2025) Circulating biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 26:7268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS26157268","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13195-024-01456-1","volume":"16","author":"M Oosthoek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oosthoek M, Vermunt L, de Wil A, Bongers B, Antwi-Berko D, Scheltens P, van Bokhoven P, Vijverberg EGB, Teunissen CE (2024) Utilization of fluid-based biomarkers as endpoints in disease-modifying clinical trials for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Alzheimers Res Ther 16:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13195-024-01456-1","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2518_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1459025","volume":"16","author":"J Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan J, Yao Q, Wang Y, Chang S, Li C, Wu Y, Shen J, Yang R (2024) The role of PI3K signaling pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1459025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1459025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S377261","volume":"18","author":"GM Parkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parkin GM, Thomas EA (2022) Provider perspectives on the current use of lithium medications and lithium monitoring practices for psychiatric conditions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 18:2083\u20132093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S377261","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2518_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","volume":"423","author":"CJ Phiel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phiel CJ, Wilson CA, Lee VMY, Klein PS (2003) GSK-3\u03b1 regulates production of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-\u03b2 peptides. Nature 423:435\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature01640","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2518_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-023-04696-1","volume":"478","author":"SP Pradhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pradhan SP, Sahu PK, Behera A (2023) New insights toward molecular and nanotechnological approaches to antidiabetic agents for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Cell Biochem 478:2739\u20132762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11010-023-04696-1","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2518_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112841","volume":"23","author":"P Rawat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rawat P, Sehar U, Bisht J, Selman A, Culberson J, Reddy PH (2022) Phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 23:12841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232112841","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2518_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020262","volume":"10","author":"I Rippin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rippin I, Eldar-Finkelman H (2021) Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of gsk-3 in treating neurodegeneration. Cells 10:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10020262","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2518_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040721","volume":"10","author":"CL Sayas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sayas CL, \u00c1vila J (2021) GSK-3 and tau: a key duet in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells 10:721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10040721","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2518_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020255","volume":"10","author":"ME Snitow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Snitow ME, Bhansali RS, Klein PS (2021) Lithium and therapeutic targeting of GSK-3. Cells 10:255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10020255","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2518_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11933","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107182200","volume":"277","author":"W Sun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sun W, Qureshi HY, Cafferty PW, Sobue K, Agarwal-Mawal A, Neufield KD, Paudel HK (2002) Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 is complexed with tau protein in brain microtubules. J Biol Chem 277:11933\u201311940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M107182200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040501","volume":"17","author":"EW Syahputra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Syahputra EW, Lee H, Cho H, Park HJ, Park KS, Hwang D (2025) PROTAC Delivery Strategies for Overcoming Physicochemical Properties and Physiological Barriers in Targeted Protein Degradation. Pharmaceutics 17:501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040501","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2518_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12030043","volume":"12","author":"T Tashima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tashima T (2023) Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) delivery into the brain across the blood-brain barrier. Antibodies 12:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib12030043","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"2518_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081164","volume":"13","author":"BabI Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas BabI, Lewis HL, Jones DH, Ward SE (2023) Central nervous system targeted protein degraders. Biomolecules 13:1164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13081164","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2518_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100398","author":"A Ueda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ueda A, Shinkai S, Shiroma H, Taniguchi Y, Tsuchida S, Kariya T, Kawahara T, Kobayashi Y, Kohda N, Ushida K, Kitamura A, Yamada T (2021) Identification of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains for gut microbiome-based intervention in Alzheimer\u2019s-type dementia. Cell Rep Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100398","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2518_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ur Rahman Mohammed Abdul A, De Silva B, Gary RK (2017) The GSK3 kinase inhibitor lithium produces unexpected hyperphosphorylation of \u03b2-catenin, a GSK3 substrate, in human glioblastoma cells. Biol Open 7:bio030874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.030874","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.030874"},{"key":"2518_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00001","volume":"5","author":"AJ Valvezan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valvezan AJ, Klein PS (2012) GSK-3 and Wnt signaling in neurogenesis and bipolar disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 5:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00001","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.06.027","volume":"1860","author":"H Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang H, Huang S, Yan K, Fang X, Abussaud A, Martinez A, Sun HS, Feng ZP (2016) Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3\u03b2, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1860:2076\u20132085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.06.027","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"2518_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05226.x","volume":"25","author":"JZ Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang JZ, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K (2007) Kinases and phosphatases and tau sites involved in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 25:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05226.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2518_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114301","volume":"236","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei J, Wang J, Zhang J, Yang J, Wang G, Wang Y (2022) Development of inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 for human diseases: strategies to improve selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 236:114301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114301","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.109380","volume":"169","author":"J Wu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wu J, Wang ZY, Tan SX, Li TY, Chen BB, Chen QQ, Li H, Niu JB, Fu XJ, Song J, Zhang SY (2026) Advances in light-controllable PROTACs: design strategies, therapeutic applications and current challenges. Bioorg Chem 169:109380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.109380","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"2518_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu H, Xiong M, Zhang Z (2023) The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 16: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1209703","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1209703"},{"key":"2518_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101986","volume":"25","author":"J Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu J, Gattoni-Celli M, Zhu H, Bhat NR, Sambamurti K, Gattoni-Celli S, Kindy MS (2011) Vitamin D3-enriched diet correlates with a decrease of amyloid plaques in the brain of A\u03b2PP transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 25:295\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2011-101986","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2518_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1657","volume":"18","author":"GF Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng GF, Zong SH, Zhang ZY, Fu SW, Li KK, Fang Y, Lu L, Xiao DQ (2015) The Role of 6-Gingerol on Inhibiting Amyloid \u03b2 Protein-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells. Rejuvenation Res 18:413\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/rej.2014.1657","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2518_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Chen L (2024) Recent advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2518_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9686","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04838-0","volume":"62","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Wang W, Deng C (2025) Advancements in Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 62:9686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04838-0","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T09:55:59Z","timestamp":1783331759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-026-02518-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"66"}}