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This study investigated the antitumor effects and mechanistic pathways of GA in the murine Sarcoma 180 (S-180) model. Fifty male Swiss mice bearing S-180 tumors received oral GA (10, 25, or 50\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 25\u00a0mg\/kg, intraperitoneal), or vehicle for seven days. Tumor weight and growth inhibition were assessed, along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry for proliferation (Ki-67, a proliferation marker), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8, Bcl-2-associated X protein [Bax], and B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2]), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and systemic toxicity markers (hematological, hepatic, and renal). GA at 50\u00a0mg\/kg significantly reduced tumor weight and proliferation, decreased Ki-67 and NF-\u03baB expression, increased Bax, reduced Bcl-2, and enhanced cleaved caspase-3, indicating predominant activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. Caspase-8 levels remained unchanged. Although 5-FU produced greater tumor inhibition, it induced leukopenia and splenic atrophy, whereas GA preserved hematological, hepatic, and renal parameters. These findings support GA as a promising candidate for adjuvant cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-026-03455-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:00:47Z","timestamp":1791460847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antitumor efficacy and safety profile of gallic acid in the murine sarcoma 180 model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4193-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greice Itamaro","family":"Heiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3362-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Antoni da Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Alfaia Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Mendes de Andrade de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Riet Correa","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5395-0486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Modolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Gondak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti","family":"de Albuquerque-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3455_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. 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