{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:51:39Z","timestamp":1793638299655,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]],"date-time":"2013-06-27T03:41:20Z","timestamp":1372304480000},"page":"294-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":236,"title":["Insulin Resistance and Dysregulation of Tryptophan\u2013Kynurenine and Kynurenine\u2013Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Oxenkrug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"8497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-4753(04)80048-6","volume":"14","author":"K Esposito","year":"2004","unstructured":"Esposito K, Giugliano D (2004) The metabolic syndrome and inflammation: association or causation? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 14:228\u2013232","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0475-7","volume":"118","author":"GF Oxenkrug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oxenkrug GF (2011) Interferon-gamma-inducible kynurenines\/pteridines inflammation cascade: implications for aging and aging-associated medical and psychiatric disorders. J Neural Transm 118:75\u201385","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"8497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1403.003","volume":"1122","author":"GF Oxenkrug","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oxenkrug GF (2007) Genetic and hormonal regulation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: new target for clinical intervention in vascular dementia, depression and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1122:35\u201349","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"8497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","volume":"13","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, Wu HQ (2012) Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:465\u2013477","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"8497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65070-7","volume":"223","author":"H Takahashi","year":"1956","unstructured":"Takahashi H, Kaihara M, Price JM (1956) The conversion of kynurenic acid to quinaldic acid by human and rats. J Biol Chem 223:705\u2013708","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127591","volume":"52","author":"N Ogasawara","year":"1962","unstructured":"Ogasawara N, Hagino Y, Kotake Y (1962) Kynurenine-transaminase, kynureninase and the increase of xanthurenic acid excretion. J Biochem 52:162\u2013166","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"8497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68045-2","volume":"233","author":"H Takahashi","year":"1956","unstructured":"Takahashi H, Price JM (1956) Dehydroxylation of xanthurenic acid to 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid. J Biol Chem 233:150\u2013153","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(95)00026-S","volume":"51","author":"JL Kamp van de","year":"1995","unstructured":"van de Kamp JL, Smolen A (1995) Response of kynurenine pathway enzymes to pregnancy and dietary level of vitamin B-6. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51:753\u2013784","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"8497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900089","volume":"63","author":"DA Bender","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bender DA, Njagi EN, Danielian PS (1990) Tryptophan metabolism in vitamin B6-deficient mice. Br J Nutr 63:27\u201336","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb02455.x","volume":"49","author":"TR Guilarte","year":"1987","unstructured":"Guilarte TR, Wagner HN Jr (1987) Increased concentrations of the endogenous tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were measured in the brains of vitamin B6 deficient neonatal rats. J Neurochem 49:1918\u20131926","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"8497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.133082","volume":"141","author":"O Midttun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Midttun O, Ulvik A, Pedersen E, Ebbing M, Bleie O et al (2011) Low plasma vitamin B-6 status affects metabolism through the kynurenine pathway in cardiovascular patients with systemic inflammation. J Nutr 141:611\u2013617","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR12","first-page":"37","volume":"38","author":"M Kimoto","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kimoto M, Ogawa T, Tokushima SK (1991) Accumulation of 3-hydroxy-l-kynurenine sulfate and ethanolamine in urine of the rat injected with 1-aminoproline. J Exp Med 38:37\u201344","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-178-42010","volume":"178","author":"KS Rogers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rogers KS, Evangelista SJ (1985) 3-Hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and o-aminophenol inhibit leucine-stimulated insulin release from rat pancreatic islets. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 178:275\u2013278","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"8497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0617","volume":"56","author":"SA Sarkar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarkar SA, Wong R, Hackl SI, Moua O, Gill RC et al (2007) Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by interferon-gamma in human islets. Diabetes 56:72\u201379","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"8497_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_34","volume":"527","author":"V Rudzite","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rudzite V, Fuchs D, Kalnins U, Jurika E, Silava A et al (2003) Prognostic value of tryptophan load test followed by serum kynurenine determination. Its comparison with pyridoxal-5-phosphate, kynurenine, homocysteine and neopterin amounts. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:307\u2013315","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/84.3.229","volume":"84","author":"N Yess","year":"1964","unstructured":"Yess N, Price JM, Brown RR, Swan PB, Linkswiler H (1964) Vitamin B6 depletion in man: urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites. J Nutr 84:229\u2013236","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.35.111","volume":"35","author":"R Tsubouchi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tsubouchi R, Izuta S, Shibata Y (1989) Kynurenine metabolism and xanthurenic acid formation in vitamin B6-deficient rat after tryptophan injection. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 35:111\u2013122","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"key":"8497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_28","volume":"527","author":"H Okamoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okamoto H (2003) Recent advances in physiological and pathological significance of tryptophan-NAD+ metabolites: lessons from insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:243\u2013252","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)96163-6","volume":"242","author":"YS Cho-Chung","year":"1967","unstructured":"Cho-Chung YS, Pitot HC (1967) Feedback control of liver tryptophan pyrrolase. J Biol Chem 242:1192","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0182-8_6","volume":"40","author":"Y Shibata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shibata Y, Ohta T, Nakatsuka M, Ishizu H, Matsuda Y et al (1996) Taurine and kynureninase. Adv Exp Med Biol 40:55\u201358","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2270537","volume":"227","author":"F Takeuchi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Takeuchi F, Tsubouchi R, Shibata Y (1985) Effect of tryptophan metabolites on the activities of rat liver pyridoxal kinase and pyridoxamine 5-phosphate oxidase in vitro. Biochem J 227:537\u2013544","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"8497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.11.008","volume":"83","author":"M Murakoshi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murakoshi M, Tanimoto M, Gohda T, Hagiwara S, Ohara I et al (2009) Pleiotropic effect of pyridoxamine on diabetic complications via CD36 expression in KK-Ay\/Ta mice. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 83:183\u2013189","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"8497_CR23","first-page":"221","volume":"6","author":"M Hattori","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hattori M, Kotake Y, Kotake Y (1984) Studies on the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid in diabetics. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 6:221\u2013228","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol Enzymol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3109\/13813455.2011.623705","volume":"117","author":"PK Munipally","year":"2011","unstructured":"Munipally PK, Agraharm SG, Valavala VK, Gundae S, Turlapati NR (2011) Evaluation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and kynurenine pathway metabolites levels in serum samples of diabetic retinopathy patients. Arch Physiol Biochem 117(5):254\u2013258","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"8497_CR25","first-page":"236","volume":"29","author":"Y Kotaki","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kotaki Y, Ueda T, Mori T, Igaki S, Hattori M (1975) Abnormal tryptophan metabolism and experimental diabetes by xanthurenic acid (XA). Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 29:236\u2013239","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol Enzymol"},{"key":"8497_CR26","first-page":"221","volume":"6","author":"G Meyramov","year":"1984","unstructured":"Meyramov G, Korchin V, Kocheryzkina N (1984) Diabetogenic activity of xanturenic acid determined by its chelating properties? Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 6:221\u2013228","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol Enzymol"},{"key":"8497_CR27","first-page":"232","volume":"35","author":"S Ikeda","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ikeda S, Kotake Y (1986) Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid and zinc in diabetes: (3). Occurrence of xanthurenic acid-Zn2+ complex in urine of diabetic patients and of experimentally-diabetic rats. Ital J Biochem 35:232\u2013241","journal-title":"Ital J Biochem"},{"key":"8497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-1-7","volume":"1","author":"HZ Malina","year":"2001","unstructured":"Malina HZ, Richter C, Mehl M, Hess OM (2001) Pathological apoptosis by xanthurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite: activation of cell caspases but not cytoskeleton breakdown. BMC Physiol 1:7\u201311","journal-title":"BMC Physiol"},{"key":"8497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038522","volume":"7","author":"Q Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chen J, Wang Y, Han X, Chen X (2012) Hepatitis C virus induced a novel apoptosis-like death of pancreatic beta cells through a caspase 3-dependent pathway. PLoS One 7:e38522. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0038522","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"8497_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19511","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.221739","volume":"286","author":"AD Patterson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patterson AD, Bonzo JA, Li F, Krausz KW, Eichler GS, Aslam S, Tigno X, Weinstein JN, Hansen BC, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ (2011) Metabolomics reveals attenuation of the SLC6A20 kidney transporter in nonhuman primate and mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 286(22):19511\u20132233","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-007-0631-z","volume":"35","author":"D Kuc","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuc D, Zgrajka W, Parada-Turska J, Urbanik-Sypniewska T, Turski WA (2008) Micromolar concentration of kynurenic acid in rat small intestine. Amino Acids 35:503\u2013505","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"29","key":"8497_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.087338","volume":"285","author":"CK Lam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lam CK, Chari M, Su BB, Cheung GW, Kokorovic A, Yang CS, Wang PY, Lai TY, Lam TK (2010) Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal vagal complex lowers glucose production. J Biol Chem 285(29):21913\u201321921","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590750","volume":"15","author":"Y Noto","year":"1978","unstructured":"Noto Y, Okamoto H (1978) Inhibition by kynurenine metabolites of proinsulin synthesis in isolated pancreatic islets. Acta Diabetol Lat 15:273\u2013282","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol Lat"},{"key":"8497_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.07.001","volume":"98","author":"SJ Koopmans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koopmans SJ, Ruis M, Dekker R, Korte M (2009) Surplus dietary tryptophan inhibits stress hormone kinetics and induces insulin resistance in pigs. Physiol Behav 98:402\u2013410","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"8497_CR35","first-page":"56","volume":"47","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G (2010) Tryptophan\u2013kynurenine metabolism as a common mediator of genetic and environmental impacts in major depressive disorder: serotonin hypothesis revisited 40 years later. Israel J Psychiatry 47:56\u201363","journal-title":"Israel J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02732052","volume":"24","author":"P Masiello","year":"1987","unstructured":"Masiello P, Balestreri E, Bacciola D, Bergamini E (1987) Influence of experimental diabetes on brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and their precursor amino acids during tryptophan loading. Acta Diabetol Lat 24:43\u201350","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol Lat"},{"key":"8497_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.05.008","volume":"287","author":"R Sucher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sucher R, Schroecksnadelb K, Weissb G, Margreitera R, Fuchs D, Brandacher G (2010) Neopterin, a prognostic marker in human malignancies. Cancer Lett 287:13\u201322","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"8497_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2174\/138920008785821738","volume":"9","author":"G Neurauter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neurauter G, Schr\u00f6cksnadel K, Scholl-B\u00fcrgi S, Sperner-Unterweger B, Schubert C et al (2008) Chronic immune stimulation correlates with reduced phenylalanine turnover. Curr Drug Metab 9:622\u2013627","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"8497_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.007","volume":"37","author":"B Frick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frick B, Schroecksnadel K, Neurauter G (2004) Increasing production of homocysteine and neopterin and degradation of tryptophan with older age. Clin Biochem 37:684\u2013687","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"8497_CR40","first-page":"51","volume":"22","author":"V Fierabracci","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fierabracci V, Novelli M, Ciccarone AM, Masiello P, Benzi L, Navalesi R, Bergamini E (1996) Effects of tryptophan load on amino acid metabolism in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 22:51\u201356","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"8497_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP74465","volume":"74","author":"P Koenig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koenig P, Nagl C, Neurauter G, Schennach H, Brandacher G, Fuchs D (2010) Enhanced degradation of tryptophan in patients on hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 74:465\u2013470","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8497_CR42","first-page":"370","volume":"25","author":"L Bertz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bertz L, Barani J, Gotts\u00e4ter A, Nilsson PM, Mattiasson I, Lindblad B (2006) Are there differences of inflammatory bio-markers between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia? Int Angiol 25(4):370\u2013377","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"8497_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_45","volume":"527","author":"G Allegri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allegri G, Zaccarin D, Ragazzi E, Froldi G, Bertazzo A, Costa CV (2003) Metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway in alloxan diabetic rabbits. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:387\u2013393","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR44","first-page":"95","volume":"20","author":"VG Manusadzhian","year":"1974","unstructured":"Manusadzhian VG, Kniazev IA, Vakhrusheva LL (1974) Mass spectrometric identification of xanthurenic acid in pre-diabetes. Vopr Med Khim 20:95\u201397","journal-title":"Vopr Med Khim"},{"key":"8497_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00019-4","volume":"282","author":"M Ledochowski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ledochowski M, Murr C, Widner B, Fuchs D (1999) Association between insulin resistance, body mass and neopterin concentrations. Clin Chim Acta 282:115\u2013123","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"8497_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.4.643","volume":"48","author":"H Schennach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schennach H, Murr C, G\u00e4chter E, Mayersbach P, Sch\u00f6nitzer D, Fuchs D (2002) Factors influencing serum neopterin concentrations in a population of blood donors. Clin Chem 48:643\u2013645","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1166\/ajnn.2011.1024","volume":"3","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G, Tucker KL, Requintina P, Summergrad P (2011) Neopterin, a marker of interferon-gamma-inducible inflammation, correlates with pyridoxal-5\u2032-phosphate, waist circumference, HDL-cholesterol, insulin resistance and mortality risk in adult Boston community dwellers of Puerto Rican origin. Am J Neuroprot Neuroregen 3:48\u201352","journal-title":"Am J Neuroprot Neuroregen"},{"key":"8497_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28571","volume":"91","author":"J Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen J, Lai CQ, Mattei J, Ordovas JM, Tucker KL (2010) Association of vitamin B-6 status with inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammatory conditions: the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 91:337\u2013342","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.07.004","volume":"16","author":"AC K\u00f6nner","year":"2012","unstructured":"K\u00f6nner AC, Br\u00fcning JC (2012) Selective insulin and leptin resistance in metabolic disorders. Cell Metab 16:144\u2013152","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"8497_CR50","first-page":"793","volume":"106","author":"Z Szybi\u0144ski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Szybi\u0144ski Z, Szurkowska M (2001) Insulinemia\u2014a marker of early diagnosis and control of efficacy of treatment of type II diabetes. Pol Arch Med Wewn 106:793\u2013800","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"8497_CR51","first-page":"201","volume":"78","author":"E Betta Di","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Betta E, Mittempergher F, Terraroli C, Valloncini E, Salerni B (2007) Severe obesity and insulin resistance. Result obtained by the bilio-pancreatic diversion independently for an associated gastroresection or gastropreservation. Ann Ital Chir 78:201\u2013207","journal-title":"Ann Ital Chir"},{"key":"8497_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1236","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00384.2011","volume":"301","author":"SW Watts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watts SW, Shaw S, Burnett R, Dorrance AM (2011) Indoleamine 2,3-diooxygenase in periaortic fat: mechanisms of inhibition of contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301:H1236\u2013H1247","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"8497_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000336664","volume":"30","author":"E Scarpellini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scarpellini E, Tack JJ (2012) Obesity and metabolic syndrome: an inflammatory condition. Dig Dis 30:148\u2013153","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00373.2011","volume":"303","author":"I Wolowczuk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolowczuk I, Hennart B, Leloire A, Bessede A, Soichot M et al (2012) Tryptophan metabolism activation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in adipose tissue of obese women: an attempt to maintain immune homeostasis and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 303:R135\u2013R143","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"8497_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2174\/138920007780362590","volume":"8","author":"G Brandacher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brandacher G (2007) Chronic immune activation underlies morbid obesity: is IDO a key player? Curr Drug Metab 8:289\u2013295","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"8497_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-012-0609-0","volume":"22","author":"A Damms-Machado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damms-Machado A, Friedrich A, Kramer KM, Stingel K, Meile T, K\u00fcper MA, K\u00f6nigsrainer A, Bischoff SC (2012) Pre- and postoperative nutritional deficiencies in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 22(6):881\u20139","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"8497_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.362","volume":"87","author":"ET Aasheim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aasheim ET, Hofs\u00f8 D, Hjelmesaeth J, Birkeland KI, B\u00f8hmer T (2008) Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr 87:362\u2013369","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR58","first-page":"32","volume":"1","author":"IP Lapin","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lapin IP, Oxenkrug GF (1969) Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect. Lancet 1:32\u201339","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8497_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13P","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131115","volume":"79","author":"O Hayaishi","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hayaishi O (1976) Properties and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biochem (Tokyo) 79:13P\u201321P","journal-title":"J Biochem (Tokyo)"},{"key":"8497_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(05)80180-4","volume":"20","author":"BE Leonard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leonard BE (2005) The HPA and immune axes in stress: the involvement of the serotoninergic system. Eur Psychiatry 20:S302\u2013S306","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1011","volume":"24","author":"BE Leonard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leonard BE, Myint A (2009) The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 24:165\u2013175","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"8497_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290001837X","volume":"8","author":"GF Oxenkrug","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oxenkrug GF, Requintina PJ (2003) Melatonin and jet lag syndrome: experimental model and clinical implications. CNS Spectrs 8:139\u2013148","journal-title":"CNS Spectrs"},{"key":"8497_CR63","first-page":"474","volume":"2","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G (2011) Interferon-gamma-inducible inflammation: contribution to aging and aging-associated psychiatric disorders. Aging Dis 2:474\u2013486","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR64","first-page":"330","volume":"3","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G, Ratner R (2012) N-Acetylserotonin and aging-associated cognitive impairment and depression. Aging Dis 3:330\u2013338","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094391","volume":"6","author":"IP Lapin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lapin IP (1973) Kynurenines as probable participants of depression. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 6:273\u2013279","journal-title":"Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol"},{"key":"8497_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_14","volume":"527","author":"IP Lapin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lapin IP (2003) Neurokynurenines (NEKY) as common neurochemical links of stress and anxiety. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:121\u2013125","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.06.014","volume":"35","author":"M Maes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maes M (2011) Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:664\u2013675","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719720","volume":"27","author":"C Merete","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merete C, Falcon LM, Tucker KL (2008) Vitamin B6 is associated with depressive symptomatology in Massachusetts elders. J Am Coll Nutr 27:421\u2013427","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.483.157","volume":"112","author":"CL Cazzulo","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cazzulo CL, Mangoni A, Mascherpa G (1974) Tryptophan metabolism in affective psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 112:157\u2013162","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1663","volume":"33","author":"P Demakakos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Demakakos P, Pierce MB, Hardy R (2010) Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in a national sample of middle-aged and older adults: the English longitudinal study of aging. Diabetes Care 33:792\u2013797","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"8497_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005","volume":"36","author":"JK Rustad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rustad JK, Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB (2011) The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:1276\u20131286","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"8497_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09010038","volume":"167","author":"A Campayo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campayo A, de Jonge P, Roy JF, Saz P, de la Camara C et al (2010) Depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus: the effect of characteristics of depression. Am J Psychiatry 167:580\u2013588","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.10.1097","volume":"19","author":"WW Eaton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford DE (1996) Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 19:1097\u20131102","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"8497_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014","volume":"130","author":"L Capuron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Capuron L, Miller AH (2011) Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacol Ther 130:226\u2013238","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"8497_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0525-1","volume":"118","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G, Perianayagam M, Mikolich D, Requintina P, Shick L et al (2011) Interferon-gamma (+874) T\/A genotypes and risk of IFN-alpha-induced depression. J Neural Transm 118:271\u2013274","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"8497_CR76","first-page":"4","volume":"2012","author":"GF Oxenkrug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oxenkrug GF, Requintina RJ, Mikolich DL, Ruthazer R, Viveiros K et al (2012) Neopterin as a marker of response to antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus patients. Hepat Res Treat 2012:4, Article ID 619609","journal-title":"Hepat Res Treat"},{"key":"8497_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1537","volume":"15","author":"F Negro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Negro F, Alaei M (2009) Hepatitis C virus and type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 15:1537\u20131567","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"8497_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.09.003","volume":"28","author":"CC Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin CC, Yin MC (2009) Vitamins B depletion, lower iron status and decreased antioxidative defense in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated by pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. Clin Nutr 28:34\u201338","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci001","volume":"98","author":"H Knobler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Knobler H, Schattner A (2005) TNF-alpha, chronic hepatitis C and diabetes: a novel triad. QJM 98:1\u20136","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"8497_CR80","first-page":"31","volume":"18","author":"R Brischetto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brischetto R, Corno C, Amore MG, Leotta S, Pavone S et al (2003) Prevalence and significance of type-2 diabetes mellitus in chronic liver disease, correlated with hepatitis C virus. Ann Ital Med Int 18:31\u201336","journal-title":"Ann Ital Med Int"},{"key":"8497_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01630.x","volume":"28","author":"F Imazeki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Imazeki F, Yokosuka O, Fukai K, Kanda T, Kojima H, Saisho H (2008) Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C: comparison with hepatitis B virus-infected and hepatitis C virus-cleared patients. Liver Int 28:355\u2013362","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"8497_CR82","first-page":"196","volume":"1","author":"D Fuchs","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fuchs D, Norkrans G, Wejsta R, Reibnegger G, Weiss G et al (1982) Changes of serum neopterin, beta 2-microglobulin and interferon-gamma in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha 2b. Eur J Med 1:196\u2013200","journal-title":"Eur J Med"},{"key":"8497_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91721-1","volume":"1","author":"VM Dilman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Dilman VM (1971) Age-associated elevation of hypothalamic, threshold to feedback control, and its role in development, ageing, and disease. Lancet 1:1211\u20131219","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8497_CR84","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Serotonin in health and disease","author":"VM Dilman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dilman VM, Lapin IP, Oxenkrug GF (1979) Serotonin and aging. In: Essman W (ed) Serotonin in health and disease, vol 5. Spectrum, London, pp 111\u2013123"},{"key":"8497_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000212423","volume":"26","author":"VM Dilman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dilman VM, Anisimov VN (1980) Effect of treatment with phenformin, diphenylhydantoin or l-dopa on life span and tumour incidence in C3H\/Sn mice. Gerontology 26:241\u2013246","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"8497_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.6.10994","volume":"9","author":"B Martin-Castillo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin-Castillo B, Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Menendez JA (2010) Metformin and cancer: doses, mechanisms and the dandelion and hormetic phenomena. Cell Cycle 9:1057\u20131064","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"12","key":"8497_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls145","volume":"67","author":"N Barzilai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barzilai N, Ferrucci L (2012) Insulin resistance and aging: a cause or a protective response? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67(12):1329\u201331","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"8497_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.066217","volume":"52","author":"AM Gori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gori AM, Sofi F, Corsi AM, Gazzini A, Sestini I et al (2006) Predictors of vitamin B6 and folate concentrations in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Clin Chem 52:1318\u20131324","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"8497_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00346.x","volume":"68","author":"J Selhub","year":"2010","unstructured":"Selhub J, Troen A, Rosenberg IH (2010) B vitamins and the aging brain. Nutr Rev 68(Suppl 2):S112\u2013S118","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"8497_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq066","volume":"65","author":"M Spencer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spencer M, Jain A, Matteini A, Beamer B, Wang N-Y et al (2010) Serum levels of the immune activation marker neopterin change with age and gender and are modified by race, BMI, and percentage of body fat. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65:858\u2013865","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"8497_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510802245685","volume":"68","author":"P Niinisalo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niinisalo P, Raitala A, Pertovaara M, Oja SS, Lehtim\u00e4ki T et al (2008) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity associates with cardiovascular risk factors: the Health 2000 study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68:767\u2013770","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"8497_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4644","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709789878247","volume":"16","author":"D Fuchs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fuchs D, Avanzas P, Arroyo-Espliguero R, Jenny M, Consuegra-Sanchez L, Kaski JC (2009) The role of neopterin in atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk assessment. Curr Med Chem 16:4644\u20134653","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"8497_CR93","volume-title":"Development, aging and disease: a new rationale for an intervention strategy","author":"VM Dilman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dilman VM (1994) Development, aging and disease: a new rationale for an intervention strategy. Harvard Acad Publ Chur, Switzerland, 1994"},{"key":"8497_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2006","volume":"153","author":"VJ Vieira-Potter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vieira-Potter VJ, Strissel KJ, Xie C, Chang E, Bennett G et al (2012) Adipose tissue inflammation and reduced insulin sensitivity in ovariectomized mice occurs in the absence of increased adiposity. Endocrinology 153:4266\u20134277","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"8497_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200107000-00008","volume":"8","author":"K Deguchi","year":"20010","unstructured":"Deguchi K, Kamada M, Irahara M, Maegawa M, Yamamoto S et al (20010) Postmenopausal changes in production of type 1 and type 2 cytokines and the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 8:266\u2013273","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"8497_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.1.4","volume":"28","author":"SM Zoghby","year":"1975","unstructured":"Zoghby SM, Abdel-Tawab GA, Girgis LH, Moursi GE, Zeitoun R et al (1975) Functional capacity of the tryptophan-niacin pathway in the premenarchial phase and in the menopausal age. Am J Clin Nutr 28:4\u20139","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"8497_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_8","volume":"527","author":"K Schr\u00f6cksnadel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6cksnadel K, Widner B, Bergant A, Neurauter G, Schr\u00f6cksnadel H, Fuchs D (2003) Tryptophan degradation during and after gestation. Adv Exp Med Biol 527:77\u201383","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"8497_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.013","volume":"86","author":"C Kohl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kohl C, Walch T, Huber R, Kemmler G, Neurauter G et al (2005) Measurement of tryptophan, kynurenine and neopterin in women with and without postpartum blues. J Affect Disord 86:135\u2013142","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"8497_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5974.13","volume":"3","author":"HJ Bennink","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH (1975) Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine. Br Med J 3:13\u201315","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"8497_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(91)90142-6","volume":"291","author":"SG Cady","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cady SG, Sono M (1991) 1-Methyl-dl-tryptophan, beta-(3-benzofuranyl)-dl-alanine (the oxygen analog of tryptophan), and beta-[3-benzo(b)thienyl]-dl-alanine (the sulfur analog of tryptophan) are competitive inhibitors for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 291:326\u2013333","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"8497_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.043","volume":"141","author":"JK Ryu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryu JK, Choi HB, McLarnon JG (2006) Combined minocycline plus pyruvate treatment enhances effects of each agent to inhibit inflammation, oxidative damage, and neuronal loss in an excitotoxic animal model of Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 141:1835\u20131848","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"8497_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002148","volume":"14","author":"JC O'Connor","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Andr\u00e9 C, Moreau M, Lestage J et al (2009) Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry 14:511\u2013522","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8497_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.12.007","volume":"6","author":"D Brustolim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brustolim D, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Kast RE, Altshuler EL et al (2006) A new chapter opens in anti-inflammatory treatments: the antidepressant bupropion lowers production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 6:903\u2013990","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"8497_CR104","first-page":"658","volume":"19","author":"R Branconnier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Branconnier R, Cole JO, Oxenkrug GF (1983) Cardiovascular effects of imipramine and bupropion and aged depressive patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 19:658\u2013662","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"8497_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100684","volume":"22","author":"CJ Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu CJ, Zheng MF, Kuang CX, Huang WD, Yang Q (2010) Oren-gedoku-to and its constituents with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease inhibit indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity in vitro. J Alzheimers Dis 22:257\u2013266","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.644","volume":"34","author":"GS Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li GS, Liu XH, Zhu H, Huang L, Liu YL, Ma CM, Qin C (2011) Berberine-improved visceral white adipose tissue insulin resistance associated with altered sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, liver \u00d7 receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors transcriptional programs in diabetic hamsters. Biol Pharm Bull 34:644\u2013654","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"8497_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1164","volume":"61","author":"HL Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao HL, Sui Y, Qiao CF, Yip KY, Leung RK et al (2012) Sustained antidiabetic effects of a berberine-containing Chinese herbal medicine through regulation of hepatic gene expression. Diabetes 61:933\u2013943","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"8497_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S33718","volume":"5","author":"F Pierro Di","year":"2012","unstructured":"Di Pierro F, Villanova N, Agostini F, Marzocchi R, Soverini V et al (2012) Pilot study on the additive effects of berberine and oral type 2 diabetes agents for patients with suboptimal glycemic control. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 5:213\u2013217","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"8497_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2012.327123","volume":"3","author":"VV Navrotskaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Navrotskaya VV, Oxenkrug G, Vorobyova LI, Summergrad P (2012) Berberine prolongs life span and stimulates locomotor activity of Drosophila melanogaster. Am J Plant Sci 3:1037\u20131040","journal-title":"Am J Plant Sci"},{"key":"8497_CR110","first-page":"352","volume":"3","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G, Navrotskaya V, Vorobyova L, Summergrad P (2012) Minocycline effect on life and health span of Drosophila melanogaster. Aging Dis 3:352\u2013359","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"8497_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1006","volume":"38","author":"Y Nachum-Biala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nachum-Biala Y, Troen AM (2012) B-vitamins for neuroprotection: narrowing the evidence gap. Biofactors 38:145\u2013150. doi: 10.1002\/biof.1006","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"8497_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.2174\/092986610791760423","volume":"17","author":"H Unoki-Kubota","year":"2010","unstructured":"Unoki-Kubota H, Yamagishi S, Takeuchi M, Bujo H, Saito Y (2010) Pyridoxamine dose-dependently decreased fasting insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity in KK-A(y) mice, a model animal of obese, type 2 diabetes. Protein Pept Lett 17:1177\u20131181","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T02:19:00Z","timestamp":1715566740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["8497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8497-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]}}}