{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:12:31Z","timestamp":1790190751570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,21]],"date-time":"2014-11-21T16:16:30Z","timestamp":1416586590000},"page":"120-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Intrathymic Tfh\/B Cells Interaction Leads to Ectopic GCs Formation and Anti-AChR Antibody Production: Central Role in Triggering MG Occurrence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4088","key":"8985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4088.871","volume":"180","author":"J Patrick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Patrick J, Lindstrom J (1973) Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor. Science 180(4088):871\u2013872","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"8985_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","volume":"7","author":"W Hoch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoch W, McConville J, Helms S, Newsom-Davis J, Melms A, Vincent A (2001) Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nat Med 7(3):365\u2013368","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8985_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22312","volume":"69","author":"O Higuchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higuchi O, Hamuro J, Motomura M, Yamanashi Y (2011) Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 69(2):418\u2013422","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8985_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2393","volume":"69","author":"B Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang B, Tzartos JS, Belimezi M, Ragheb S, Bealmear B, Lewis RA, Xiong WC, Lisak RP, Tzartos SJ, Mei L (2012) Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 69(4):445\u2013451","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"8985_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.007","volume":"12","author":"A Marx","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marx A, Pfister F, Schalke B, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Melms A, Strobel P (2013) The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes. Autoimmun Rev 12(9):875\u2013884","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"8985_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22103","volume":"44","author":"P Cavalcante","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cavalcante P, Le Panse R, Berrih-Aknin S, Maggi L, Antozzi C, Baggi F, Bernasconi P, Mantegazza R (2011) The thymus in myasthenia gravis: site of \u201cinnate autoimmunity\u201d? Muscle Nerve 44(4):467\u2013484","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"7","key":"8985_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6880-8","volume":"260","author":"J Spillane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spillane J, Hayward M, Hirsch NP, Taylor C, Kullmann DM, Howard RS (2013) Thymectomy: role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 260(7):1798\u20131801","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"8985_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.020","volume":"201\u2013202","author":"R Hohlfeld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H (2008) Reflections on the \u201cintrathymic pathogenesis\u201d of myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 201\u2013202:21\u201327","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8985_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7868","volume":"177","author":"R Panse Le","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le Panse R, Cizeron-Clairac G, Bismuth J, Berrih-Aknin S (2006) Microarrays reveal distinct gene signatures in the thymus of seropositive and seronegative myasthenia gravis patients and the role of CC chemokine ligand 21 in thymic hyperplasia. J Immunol 177(11):7868\u20137879","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8985_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.05.006","volume":"218","author":"JM Weiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiss JM, Cufi P, Bismuth J, Eymard B, Fadel E, Berrih-Aknin S, Le Panse R (2013) SDF-1\/CXCL12 recruits B cells and antigen-presenting cells to the thymus of autoimmune myasthenia gravis patients. Immunobiology 218(3):373\u2013381","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8985_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-013-9976-9","volume":"50","author":"M Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang M, Guo J, Li H, Zhou Y, Tian F, Gong L, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang W (2013) Expression of immune molecules CD25 and CXCL13 correlated with clinical severity of myasthenia gravis. J Mol Neurosci MN 50(2):317\u2013323","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci MN"},{"key":"8985_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.011","volume":"12","author":"SR Berrih-Aknin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berrih-Aknin SR, Raqheb S, Le Panse R, Lisak RP (2013) Ectopic germinal centers, BAFF and anti-B-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 12:885\u2013893","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"8985_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21628","volume":"66","author":"S Berrih-Aknin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berrih-Aknin S, Ruhlmann N, Bismuth J, Cizeron-Clairac G, Zelman E, Shachar I, Dartevelle P, de Rosbo NK, Le Panse R (2009) CCL21 overexpressed on lymphatic vessels drives thymic hyperplasia in myasthenia. Ann Neurol 66(4):521\u2013531","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8985_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2383","volume":"108","author":"A Meraouna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meraouna A, Cizeron-Clairac G, Le Panse R, Bismuth J, Truffault F, Tallaksen C et al (2006) The chemokine CXCL1 3 is a key molecule in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Blood 108:432\u2013440","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"8985_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.010","volume":"12","author":"P Cavalcante","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavalcante P, Cufi P, Mantegazza R, Berrih-Aknin S, Bernasconi P, Le Panse R (2013) Etiology of myasthenia gravis: innate immunity signature in pathological thymus. Autoimmun Rev 12(9):863\u2013874","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"8985_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3447","volume":"13","author":"SG Tangye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tangye SG, Ma CS, Brink R, Deenick EK (2013) The good, the bad and the ugly\u2014TFH cells in human health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 13(6):412\u2013426","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8985_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.55","volume":"92","author":"CS Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma CS, Deenick EK (2014) Human T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 92(1):64\u201371","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8985_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.11.004","volume":"10","author":"W Dong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dong W, Zhu P, Wang Y, Wang Z (2011) Follicular helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: a potential therapeutic target. Autoimmun Rev 10(6):299\u2013304","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8985_CR19","first-page":"131","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ing S, Fraser A, Chen M, Khan O, Zakem J, Davis W, Quinet R (2013) Follicular helper T cells: new insights into mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. Ochsner J 13(1):131\u2013139","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"2","key":"8985_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12162","volume":"174","author":"J Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang J, Shan Y, Jiang Z, Feng J, Li C, Ma L, Jiang Y (2013) High frequencies of activated B cells and T follicular helper cells are correlated with disease activity in patients with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 174(2):212\u2013220","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8985_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.12.001","volume":"256","author":"C Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo C, Li Y, Liu W, Feng H, Wang H, Huang X, Qiu L, Ouyang J (2013) Expansion of circulating counterparts of follicular helper T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 256(1\u20132):55\u201361","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8985_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.001","volume":"170","author":"R Saito","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saito R, Onodera H, Tago H, Suzuki Y, Shimizu M, Matsumura Y, Kondo T, Itoyama Y (2005) Altered expression of chemokine receptor CXCR5 on T cells of myasthenia gravis patients. J Neuroimmunol 170(1\u20132):172\u2013178","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8985_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01595-2","volume":"70","author":"A Jaretzki 3rd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS, Sanders DB (2000) Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Ann Thorac Surg 70(1):327\u2013334","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"8985_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(77)90027-7","volume":"7","author":"J Lindstrom","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lindstrom J (1977) An assay for antibodies to human acetylcholine receptor in serum from patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 7(1):36\u201343","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"8985_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/194495a0","volume":"194","author":"WM Hunter","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hunter WM, Greenwood FC (1962) Preparation of iodine-131 labelled human growth hormone of high specific activity. Nature 194:495\u2013496","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"8985_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.07.001","volume":"31","author":"D Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu D, Vinuesa CG (2010) The elusive identity of T follicular helper cells. Trends Immunol 31(10):377\u2013383","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8985_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.07.002","volume":"31","author":"D Yu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yu D, Rao S, Tsai LM, Lee SK, He Y, Sutcliffe EL, Srivastava M, Linterman M, Zheng L, Simpson N, Ellyard JI, Parish IA, Ma CS, Li QJ, Parish CR, Mackay CR, Vinuesa CG (2009) The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment. Immunity 31(3):457\u2013468","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"8985_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.18","volume":"9","author":"M Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen M, Guo Z, Ju W, Ryffel B, He X, Zheng SG (2012) The development and function of follicular helper T cells in immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol 9(5):375\u2013379","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"8985_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1071","volume":"67","author":"D Asthana","year":"1993","unstructured":"Asthana D, Fujii Y, Huston GE, Lindstrom J (1993) Regulation of antibody production by helper T cell clones in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis is mediated by IL-4 and antigen-specific T cell factors. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 67(3 Pt 1):240\u2013248","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8985_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90080-9","volume":"51","author":"J Link","year":"1994","unstructured":"Link J, Navikas V, Yu M, Fredrikson S, Osterman PO, Link H (1994) Augmented interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-beta mRNA expression in blood mononuclear cells in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 51(2):185\u2013192","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8985_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90044-2","volume":"50","author":"Q Yi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yi Q, Ahlberg R, Pirskanen R, Lefvert AK (1994) Acetylcholine receptor-reactive T cells in myasthenia gravis: evidence for the involvement of different subpopulations of T helper cells. J Neuroimmunol 50(2):177\u2013186","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8985_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1643","volume":"48","author":"ZY Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang ZY, Okita DK, Howard J Jr, Conti-Fine BM (1997) Th1 epitope repertoire on the alpha subunit of human muscle acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 48(6):1643\u20131653","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8985_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00093.x","volume":"148","author":"M Kopf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kopf M, Le Gros G, Coyle AJ, Kosco-Vilbois M, Brombacher F (1995) Immune responses of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 deficient mice. Immunol Rev 148:45\u201369","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8985_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.012","volume":"34","author":"R Morita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morita R, Schmitt N, Bentebibel SE, Ranganathan R, Bourdery L, Zurawski G, Foucat E, Dullaers M, Oh S, Sabzghabaei N, Lavecchio EM, Punaro M, Pascual V, Banchereau J, Ueno H (2011) Human blood CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells are counterparts of T follicular cells and contain specific subsets that differentially support antibody secretion. Immunity 34(1):108\u2013121","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"8985_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1786","volume":"6","author":"F Aloisi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aloisi F, Pujol-Borrell R (2006) Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 6(3):205\u2013217","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8985_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7072","volume":"178","author":"W Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang W, Milani M, Ostlie N, Okita D, Agarwal RK, Caspi RR, Conti-Fine BM (2007) C57BL\/6 mice genetically deficient in IL-12\/IL-23 and IFN-gamma are susceptible to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, suggesting a pathogenic role of non-Th1 cells. J Immunol 178(11):7072\u20137080","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8985_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.007","volume":"23","author":"A Peters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peters A, Lee Y, Kuchroo VK (2011) The many faces of Th17 cells. Curr Opin Immunol 23(6):702\u2013706","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T02:25:37Z","timestamp":1650680737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["8985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]}}}