{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:41:00Z","timestamp":1790199660215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495065600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Scientific and Technology (IN)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T06:01:57Z","timestamp":1495087317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Is Exacerbated in Experimental Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy via MMP-9 Activation and Downregulation of Tight Junction Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Dhanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Sandhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27210","volume":"60","author":"H Vilstrup","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, Cordoba J, Ferenci P, Mullen KD, Weissenborn K, Wong P (2014) Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 60:715\u2013735","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-120.x","volume":"222","author":"AS Hazell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hazell AS, Butterworth RF (1999) Hepatic encephalopathy: An update of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 222:99\u2013112","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.2.4","volume":"57","author":"BT Hawkins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawkins BT, Davis TP (2005) The blood-brain barrier\/neurovascular unit in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 57:173\u2013185","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","volume":"37","author":"NJ Abbott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abbott NJ, Patabendige AA, Dolman DE, Yusof SR, Begley DJ (2010) Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 37:13\u201325","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.67","volume":"11","author":"AH Lockwood","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lockwood AH, Yap EW, Wong WH (1991) Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11:337\u2013341","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9071-4","volume":"22","author":"G Wright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wright G, Shawcross D, Olde Damink SWM, Jalan R (2007) Brain cytokine flux in acute liver failure and its relationship with intracranial hypertension. Metab Brain Dis 22:375\u2013388","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.01.023","volume":"55","author":"K Sawara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawara K, Desjardins P, Chatauret N, Kato A, Suzuki K, Butterworth RF (2009) Alterations in expression of genes coding for proteins of the neurovascular unit in ischemic liver failure. Neurochem Int 55:119\u2013123","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70016-X","volume":"8","author":"GA Rosenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenberg GA (2009) Matrix metalloproteinases and their multiple roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol 8:205\u2013216","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.06.003","volume":"19","author":"SM Agrawal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agrawal SM, Lau L, Yong VW (2008) MMPs in the central nervous system: where the good guys go bad. Semin Cell Dev Biol 19:42\u201351","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"521_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600375","volume":"27","author":"Y Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang Y, Estrada EY, Thompson JF, Liu W, Rosenberg GA (2007) Matrix metalloproteinase mediated disruption of tight junction proteins in cerebral vessels is reversed by synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor in focal ischemia in rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:697\u2013709","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200112000-00003","volume":"21","author":"Y Gasche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gasche Y, Copin JC, Sugawara T, Fujimura M, Chan PH (2001) Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition prevents oxidative stress-associated blood-brain barrier disruption after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:1393\u20131400","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03927.x","volume":"98","author":"SJ Crocker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crocker SJ, Milner R, Pham-Mitchell N, Campbell IL (2006) Cell and agonist-specific regulation of genes for matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors by primary glial cells. J Neurochem 98:812\u2013823","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02034.x","volume":"29","author":"RF Butterworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butterworth RF, Norenberg MD, Felipo V, Ferenci P, Albrecht J, Blei AT, Members of the ISHEN Commission on Experimental Models of HE (2009) Experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN guidelines. Liver Int 29:783\u2013788","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6050","volume":"95","author":"P Georgiev","year":"2008","unstructured":"Georgiev P, Jochum W, Heinrich S, Jang JH, Nocito A, Dahm F, Clavien PA (2008) Characterization of time-related changes after experimental bile duct ligation. Br J Surg 95:646\u2013656","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.01.042","volume":"286","author":"S Dhanda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dhanda S, Sandhir R (2015) Role of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in behavioral alterations observed in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy. Behav Brain Res 286:222\u2013235","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"521_CR16","first-page":"305","volume":"65","author":"J Kountouras","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kountouras J, Billing BH, Scheuer PJ (1984) Prolonged bile duct obstruction: a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat. Br J Exp Pathol 65:305\u2013311","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.07.047","volume":"54","author":"W Graaf de","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Graaf W, H\u00e4usler S, Heger M, van Ginhoven TM, van Cappellen G, Bennink RJ, Kullak-Ublick GA, Hesselmann R et al (2011) Transporters involved in the hepatic uptake of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin and indocyanine green. J Hepatol 54:738\u2013745","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"521_CR18","first-page":"258","volume-title":"In Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology","author":"L Luna","year":"1968","unstructured":"Luna L (1968) In Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Third edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 258","edition":"Third"},{"key":"521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83345-0","volume":"89","author":"JD Morrey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrey JD, Olsen AL, Siddharthan V, Motter NE, Wang H, Taro BS, Chen D, Ruffner D et al (2008) Increased blood-brain barrier permeability is not a primary determinant for lethality of West Nile virus infection in rodents. J Gen Virol 89:467\u2013473","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177429","volume":"6","author":"DE Weissman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Weissman DE, Stewart C (1988) Experimental drug therapy of peritumoral brain edema. J Neuro-Oncol 6:339\u2013342","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688465","volume":"63","author":"D Hultstr\u00f6m","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hultstr\u00f6m D, Tengvar C, Forss\u00e9n M, Olsson Y (1984) Distribution of exudated FITC-dextrans in experimental vasogenic brain edema produced by a focal cryogenic injury. Acta Neuropathol 63:13\u201317","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-21","volume":"6","author":"MN Hoda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoda MN, Singh I, Singh AK, Khan M (2009) Reduction of lipoxidative load by secretory phospholipase A2 inhibition protects against neurovascular injury following experimental stroke in rat. J Neuroinflammation 6:21","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.4.751","volume":"18","author":"W Young","year":"1987","unstructured":"Young W, Rappaport ZH, Chalif DJ, Flamm ES (1987) Regional brain sodium, potassium, and water changes in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia. Stroke 18:751\u2013759","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.e36","volume":"30","author":"MW Pfaffl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pfaffl MW, Horgan GW, Dempfle L (2002) Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 30:e36","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v2.i1.14","volume":"2","author":"J Vandooren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vandooren J, Geurts N, Martens E, Van den Steen PE, Jonghe SD, Herdewijn P, Opdenakker G (2011) Gelatin degradation assay reveals MMP-9 inhibitors and function of O-glycosylated domain. World J Biol Chem 2:14\u201324","journal-title":"World J Biol Chem"},{"key":"521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(97)00065-4","volume":"76","author":"JW Zhang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang JW, Gottschall PE (1997) Zymographic measurement of gelatinase activity in brain tissue after detergent extraction and affinity-support purification. J Neurosci Methods 76:15\u201320","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"521_CR27","first-page":"145","volume":"24","author":"H Towbin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J (1992) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. 1979. Biotechnology 24:145\u2013149","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"OH Lowry","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265\u2013275","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21180","volume":"43","author":"R Jover","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jover R, Rodrigo R, Felipo V, Insausti R, S\u00e1ez-Valero J, Garc\u00eda-Ayll\u00f3n MS, Su\u00e1rez I, Candela A et al (2006) Brain edema and inflammatory activation in bile duct ligated rats with diet-induced hyperammonemia: a model of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 43:1257\u20131266","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02439545","volume":"24","author":"D Buyck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Buyck D, Bonnin F, Bernuau J, Belghiti J, Bok B (1997) Auxiliary liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure: hepatobiliary scintigraphic follow-up. Eur J Nucl Med 24:138\u2013142","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050747","volume":"168","author":"J-L Xia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xia J-L, Dai C, Michalopoulos GK, Liu Y (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor attenuates liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation. Am J Pathol 168:1500\u20131512","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14531","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14531","volume":"5","author":"HG Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim HG, Han JM, Lee JS, Lee JS, Son CG (2015) Ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum xanthioides improves bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis of rat model via modulation of pro-fibrogenic cytokines. Sci Rep 5:14531","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-S1-S26","volume":"5","author":"A Pellicoro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pellicoro A, Ramachandran P, Iredale JP (2012) Reversibility of liver fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 5:S26","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-191-8_25","volume":"763","author":"M Kaya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaya M, Ahishali B (2011) Assessment of permeability in barrier type of endothelium in brain using tracers: Evans blue, sodium fluorescein, and horseradish peroxidase. Methods Mol Biol 763:369\u2013382","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068595","volume":"8","author":"LF Yen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yen LF, Wei VC, Kuo EY, Lai TW (2013) Distinct patterns of cerebral extravasation by Evans blue and sodium fluorescein in rats. PLoS One 8:e68595","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-010-0049-x","volume":"2","author":"A Hoffmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoffmann A, Bredno J, Wendland M, Derugin N, Ohara P, Wintermark M (2011) High and low molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans to assess blood-brain barrier disruption: technical considerations. Transl Stroke Res 2:106\u2013111","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"521_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00153-0","volume":"44","author":"P Ott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ott P, Larsen FS (2004) Blood-brain barrier permeability to ammonia in liver failure: a critical reappraisal. Neurochem Int 44:185\u2013198","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"521_CR38","first-page":"21","volume":"36","author":"V Dixit","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dixit V, Chang TM (1990) Brain edema and the blood brain barrier in galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats. An animal model for evaluation of liver support systems. ASAIO Trans 36:21\u201327","journal-title":"ASAIO Trans"},{"key":"521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12252","volume":"34","author":"A Chastre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chastre A, B\u00e9langer M, Nguyen BN, Butterworth RF (2014) Lipopolysaccharide precipitates hepatic encephalopathy and increases blood-brain barrier permeability in mice with acute liver failure. Liver Int 34:353\u2013361","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/08941930802043565","volume":"21","author":"N Shimojima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shimojima N, Eckman CB, McKinney M, Sevlever D, Yamamoto S, Lin W, Dickson DW, Nguyen JH (2008) Altered expression of zonula occludens-2 precedes increased blood-brain barrier permeability in a murine model of fulminant hepatic failure. J Investig Surg 21:101\u2013108","journal-title":"J Investig Surg"},{"key":"521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02211.x","volume":"30","author":"S Lv","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lv S, Song HL, Zhou Y, Li LX, Cui W, Wang W, Liu P (2010) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha affects blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junction-associated occludin in acute liver failure. Liver Int 30:1198\u20131210","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.01.159","volume":"46","author":"M Quinn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Quinn M, McMillin M, Galindo C, Frampton G, Pae HY, DeMorrow S (2014) Bile acids permeabilize the blood brain barrier after bile duct ligation in rats via Rac1-dependent mechanisms. Dig Liver Dis 46:527\u2013534","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"521_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07669.x","volume":"121","author":"M Skowro\u0144ska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skowro\u0144ska M, Zieli\u0144ska M, W\u00f3jcik-Stanaszek L, Ruszkiewicz J, Milatovic D, Aschner M, Albrecht J (2012) Ammonia increases paracellular permeability of rat brain endothelial cells by a mechanism encompassing oxidative\/nitrosative stress and activation of matrix metalloproteinases. J Neurochem 121:125\u2013134","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"521_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.01.015","volume":"62","author":"CR Bosoi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bosoi CR, Rose CF (2013) Brain edema in acute liver failure and chronic liver disease: similarities and differences. Neurochem Int 62:446\u2013457","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"521_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.006","volume":"52","author":"CR Bosoi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bosoi CR, Yang X, Huynh J, Parent-Robitaille C, Jiang W, Tremblay M, Rose CF (2012) Systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in rats with chronic liver failure. Free Radic Biol Med 52:1228\u20131235","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"521_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90552-5","volume":"107","author":"D H\u00e4ussinger","year":"1994","unstructured":"H\u00e4ussinger D, Laubenberger J, vom Dahl S, Ernst T, Bayer S, Langer M, Gerok W, Hennig J (1994) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 107:1475\u20131480","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"521_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00181-7","volume":"35","author":"J C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2001","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba J, Alonso J, Rovira A, Jacas C, Sanpedro F, Castells L, Vargas V, Margarit C et al (2001) The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 35:598\u2013604","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"521_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21114","volume":"43","author":"RA Kale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kale RA, Gupta RK, Saraswat VA, Hasan KM, Trivedi R, Mishra AM, Ranjan P, Pandey CM et al (2006) Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 43:698\u2013706","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4456-9_19","volume-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy and Nitrogen metabolism","author":"NJ Shah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shah NJ, Neeb H, Kircheis G, Haussinger D, Zilles K (2006) Quantitative T1 and water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy. In: Haussinger D, Kircheis G, Schliess F (eds) Hepatic encephalopathy and Nitrogen metabolism. Springer, Verlag, Doordrecht, pp. 273\u2013283"},{"key":"521_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.5","volume":"14","author":"AL Betz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Betz AL, Keep RF, Beer ME, Ren XD (1994) Blood-brain barrier permeability and brain concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride during focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:29\u201337","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"521_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1352-9","volume":"40","author":"L Hertz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hertz L, Peng L, Song D (2015) Ammonia, like K(+), stimulates the Na(+), K(+), 2 Cl(\u2212) cotransporter NKCC1 and the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and interacts with endogenous ouabain in astrocytes. Neurochem Res 40:241\u2013257","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"521_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33874","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804016200","volume":"283","author":"AR Jayakumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jayakumar AR, Liu M, Moriyama M, Ramakrishnan R, Forbush B 3rd, Reddy PV, Norenberg MD (2008) Na-K-Cl cotransporter-1 in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. J Biol Chem 283:33874\u201333882","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"521_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07009.x","volume":"115","author":"T Kelly","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kelly T, Rose CR (2010) Ammonium influx pathways into astrocytes and neurons of hippocampal slices. J Neurochem 115:1123\u20131136","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"521_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.074245","volume":"90","author":"F Bernardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bernardi F, Gaggelli E, Molteni E, Porciatti E, Valensin D, Valensin G (2006) 1H and 13C-NMR and molecular dynamics studies of cyclosporin a interacting with magnesium(II) or cerium(III) in acetonitrile. Conformational changes and cis-trans conversion of peptide bonds. Biophys J 90:1350\u20131361","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"521_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.2.7781924","volume":"9","author":"BF Trump","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trump BF, Berezesky IK (1995) Calcium-mediated cell injury and cell death. FASEB J 9:219\u2013228","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"521_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20937","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412448200","volume":"280","author":"C Rose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rose C, Kresse W, Kettenmann H (2005) Acute insult of ammonia leads to calcium-dependent glutamate release from cultured astrocytes, an effect of pH. J Biol Chem 280:20937\u201320944","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"521_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2009.12.011","volume":"47","author":"M Nedergaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nedergaard M, Verkhratsky A (2010) Calcium dyshomeostasis and pathological calcium signalling in neurological diseases. Cell Calcium 47:101\u2013102","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"521_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1406-z","volume":"39","author":"C Liang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liang C, Du T, Zhou J, Verkhratsky A, Peng L (2014) Ammonium increases Ca(2+) signalling and up-regulates expression of TRPC1 gene in astrocytes in primary cultures and in the in vivo brain. Neurochem Res 39:2127\u20132135","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"521_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105832","volume":"9","author":"N Haack","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haack N, Dublin P, Rose CR (2014) Dysbalance of astrocyte calcium under hyperammonemic conditions. PLoS One 9:e105832","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"521_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05444.x","volume":"25","author":"P Monfort","year":"2007","unstructured":"Monfort P, Erceg S, Piedrafita B, Llansola M, Felipo V (2007) Chronic liver failure in rats impairs glutamatergic synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in hippocampus and learning ability. Eur J Neurosci 25:2103\u20132111","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"521_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.04.008","volume":"536","author":"S Wen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wen S, Schroeter A, Kl\u00f6cker N (2013) Synaptic plasticity in hepatic encephalopathy - a molecular perspective. Arch Biochem Biophys 536:183\u2013188","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"521_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1159\/000324328","volume":"31","author":"J Badaut","year":"2011","unstructured":"Badaut J, Ashwal S, Obenaus A (2011) Aquaporins in cerebrovascular disease: a target for treatment of brain edema? Cerebrovasc Dis 31:521\u2013531","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"521_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.06.033","volume":"222","author":"AM Fukuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fukuda AM, Pop V, Spagnoli D, Ashwal S, Obenaus A, Badaut J (2012) Delayed increase of astrocytic aquaporin 4 after juvenile traumatic brain injury: possible role in edema resolution? Neuroscience 222:366\u2013378","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"521_CR64","first-page":"938","volume":"30","author":"JE Margulies","year":"1999","unstructured":"Margulies JE, Thompson RC, Demitriou AA (1999) Aquaporin-4 water channel is up-regulated in the brain in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 30:938","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312190-00018","volume":"14","author":"KV Rama Rao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rama Rao KV, Chen M, Simard JM, Norenberg MD (2003) Increased aquaporin-4 expression in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes. Neuroreport 14:2379\u20132382","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"521_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.02.020","volume":"53","author":"G Wright","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright G, Soper R, Brooks HF, Stadlbauer V, Vairappan B, Davies NA, Andreola F, Hodges S et al (2010) Role of aquaporin-4 in the development of brain oedema in liver failure. J Hepatol 53:91\u201397","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"521_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12511","volume":"128","author":"KK Thumburu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thumburu KK, Dhiman RK, Vasishta RK, Chakraborti A, Butterworth RF, Beauchesne E, Desjardins P, Goyal S et al (2014) Expression of astrocytic genes coding for proteins implicated in neural excitation and brain edema is altered after acute liver failure. J Neurochem 128:617\u2013627","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"521_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.11.018","volume":"63","author":"KV Rama Rao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rama Rao KV, Verkman AS, Curtis KM, Norenberg MD (2014) Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces encephalopathy and brain edema in experimental acute liver failure. Neurobiol Dis 63:222\u2013228","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"521_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44525","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304368200","volume":"278","author":"H Arima","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arima H, Yamamoto N, Sobue K, Umenishi F, Tada T, Katsuya H, Asai K (2003) Hyperosmolar mannitol simulates expression of aquaporins 4 and 9 through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway in rat astrocytes. J Biol Chem 278:44525\u201344534","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"521_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MEBR.0000043978.91675.79","volume":"19","author":"MD Norenberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Norenberg MD, Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV (2004) Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 19:313\u2013329","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"521_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0120-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"AR Jayakumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jayakumar AR, Panickar KS, Murthy CRK, Norenberg MD (2006) Oxidative stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation mediate ammonia-induced cell swelling and glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci 26:4774\u20134784","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"521_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.01.063","volume":"589","author":"A Akashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akashi A, Miki A, Kanamori A, Nakamura M (2015) Aquaporin 9 expression is required for l-lactate to maintain retinal neuronal survival. Neurosci Lett 589:185\u2013190","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"521_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G682","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90226.2008","volume":"295","author":"G Calamita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Calamita G, Ferri D, Gena P, Carreras FI, Liquori GE, Portincasa P, Marinelli RA, Svelto M (2008) Altered expression and distribution of aquaporin-9 in the liver of rat with obstructive extrahepatic cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295:G682\u2013G690","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"521_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00170-8","volume":"102","author":"B Sporer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sporer B, Koedel U, Paul R, Kohleisen B, Erfle V, Fontana A, Pfister HW (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Nef protein induces blood-brain barrier disruption in the rat: role of matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Neuroimmunol 102:125\u2013130","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"521_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01843-0","volume":"842","author":"M Fujimura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fujimura M, Gasche Y, Morita-Fujimura Y, Massengale J, Kawase M, Chan PH (1999) Early appearance of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 and blood-brain barrier disruption in mice after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Brain Res 842:92\u2013100","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"521_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.833","volume":"12","author":"GA Rosenberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosenberg GA (1995) Matrix metalloproteinases in brain injury. J Neurotrauma 12:833\u2013842","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"521_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.70","volume":"95","author":"MA McMillin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McMillin MA, Frampton GA, Seiwell AP, Patel NS, Jacobs AN, DeMorrow S (2015) TGF\u03b21 exacerbates blood-brain barrier permeability in a mouse model of hepatic encephalopathy via upregulation of MMP9 and downregulation of claudin-5. Lab Investig 95:903\u2013913","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"521_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/620581","volume":"620581","author":"M Brkic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brkic M, Balusu S, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE (2015) Friends or foes: Matrix metalloproteinases and their multifaceted roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Mediat Inflamm 620581:1\u201327","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"521_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9344-4","volume":"28","author":"AR Jayakumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2013) Endothelial-astrocytic interactions in acute liver failure. Metab Brain Dis 28:183\u2013186","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"521_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.02.020","volume":"1325","author":"K Faropoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faropoulos K, Chroni E, Assimakopoulos SF, Mavrakis A, Stamatopoulou V, Toumpeki C, Drainas D, Grintzalis K et al (2010) Altered occludin expression in brain capillaries induced by obstructive jaundice in rats. Brain Res 1325:121\u2013127","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"521_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21599","volume":"45","author":"G Wright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wright G, Davies NA, Shawcross DL, Hodges SJ, Zwingmann C, Brooks HF, Mani AR, Harry D et al (2007) Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats. Hepatology 45:1517\u20131526","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.066","volume":"528","author":"AG Mavrakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mavrakis AG, Havaki S, Marinos E, Chroni E, Konstantinou D (2012) Occludin dislocation in brain capillary endothelium of rats with bile duct ligation induced cholestasis. Neurosci Lett 528:180\u2013184","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"521_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23203","volume":"50","author":"F Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen F, Ohashi N, Li W, Eckman C, Nguyen JH (2009) Disruptions of occludin and claudin-5 in brain endothelial cells in vitro and in brains of mice with acute liver failure. Hepatology 50:1914\u20131923","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23367","volume":"51","author":"DL Shawcross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shawcross DL, Shabbir SS, Taylor NJ, Hughes RD (2010) Ammonia and the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 51:1062\u20131069","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"521_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.03.021","volume":"60","author":"YC Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen YC, Sheen JM, Tain YL, Chen CC, Tiao MM, Huang YH, Hsieh CS, Huang LT (2012) Alterations in NADPH oxidase expression and blood-brain barrier in bile duct ligation-treated young rats: Effects of melatonin. Neurochem Int 60:751\u2013758","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"521_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02127-2","volume":"863","author":"G Defazio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Defazio G, Nico B, Trojano M, Ribatti D, Giorelli M, Ricchiuti F, Martino D, Roncali L et al (2000) Inhibition of protein kinase C counteracts TNF\u03b1-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression and fluid phase endocytosis on brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res 863:245\u2013248","journal-title":"Brain Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T17:58:50Z","timestamp":1659031130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0521-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]]}}}