{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:41:39Z","timestamp":1789962099444,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:02:28Z","timestamp":1663822948000},"page":"7229-7235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Many Faces of Astrocytes in the Septic Brain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lucin\u00e9ia Gainski","family":"Danielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Della","family":"Giustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Frederico","family":"Gava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Barichello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabricia","family":"Petronilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Der Poll T, Van De Veerdonk FL, Scicluna BP, Netea MG (2017) The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol 17(7):407\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2017.36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.36"},{"key":"3027_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM et al (2020) Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet 395:200\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"3027_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0356-7","volume":"55","author":"LG Danielski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danielski LG, Giustinadella A, Badawy M et al (2018) Brain barrier breakdown as a cause and consequence of neuroinflammation in sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 55:1045\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-0356-7","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barichello T, Generoso JS, Collodel A et al (2021) The blood-brain barrier dysfunction in sepsis. Tissue Barriers 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21688370.2020.1840912","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2020.1840912"},{"key":"3027_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/S13311-020-00862-1","volume":"17","author":"A Mazeraud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazeraud A, Righy C, Bouchereau E et al (2020) Septic-associated encephalopathy: a comprehensive review. Neurotherapeutics 17:392\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13311-020-00862-1","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"3027_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909790031175","volume":"7","author":"N Akrout","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akrout N, Sharshar T, Annane D (2009) Mechanisms of brain signaling during sepsis. Curr Neuropharmacol 7:296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015909790031175","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"3027_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.2174\/18715273113126660178","volume":"12","author":"YY Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng YY, Fang M, Zhu GF et al (2013) Role of microglia in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. CNS Neurol Disord - Drug Targets 12:720\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/18715273113126660178","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord - Drug Targets"},{"key":"3027_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michels M, Steckert A V., Quevedo J et al (2015) Mechanisms of long-term cognitive dysfunction of sepsis: from blood-borne leukocytes to glial cells. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental 3.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40635-015-0066-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0066-x"},{"key":"3027_CR9","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","author":"A Verkhratsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verkhratsky A, Ho MS, Vardjan N et al (2019) General pathophysiology of astroglia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer, New York LLC, pp 149\u2013179"},{"key":"3027_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SPEN.2013.10.003","volume":"20","author":"LS Chaboub","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaboub LS, Deneen B (2013) Astrocyte form and function in the developing central nervous system. Semin Pediatr Neurol 20:230\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SPEN.2013.10.003","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"3027_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reid JK, Kuipers HF (2021) She doesn\u2019t even go here: the role of inflammatory astrocytes in CNS disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 15.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNCEL.2021.704884","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCEL.2021.704884"},{"key":"3027_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Villarreal A, Vogel T (2021) Different flavors of astrocytes: revising the origins of astrocyte diversity and epigenetic signatures to understand heterogeneity after injury. Int J Mol Sci 22.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS22136867","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS22136867"},{"key":"3027_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"NA Oberheim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oberheim NA, Takano T, Han X et al (2009) Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes. J Neurosci 29:3276\u20133287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3027_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/S41593-020-00783-4","volume":"24","author":"C Escartin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A et al (2021) Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 24:312\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41593-020-00783-4","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3027_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/S41593-021-00904-7","volume":"24","author":"S Schaeffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaeffer S, Iadecola C (2021) Revisiting the neurovascular unit. Nat Neurosci 24:1198\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41593-021-00904-7","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3027_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/GLIA.20990","volume":"58","author":"TM Mathiisen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mathiisen TM, Lehre KP, Danbolt NC, Ottersen OP (2010) The perivascular astroglial sheath provides a complete covering of the brain microvessels: an electron microscopic 3D reconstruction. Glia 58:1094\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/GLIA.20990","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"3027_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/GLIA.20543","volume":"55","author":"GRJ Gordon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gordon GRJ, Mulligan SJ, MacVicar BA (2007) Astrocyte control of the cerebrovasculature. Glia 55:1214\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/GLIA.20543","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"3027_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CMET.2011.08.016","volume":"14","author":"M B\u00e9langer","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00e9langer M, Allaman I, Magistretti PJ (2011) Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metab 14:724\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CMET.2011.08.016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3027_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/JNC.14829","volume":"151","author":"MP Bordone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE et al (2019) The energetic brain \u2013 a review from students to students. J Neurochem 151:139\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JNC.14829","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3027_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.0831078100","volume":"100","author":"Y Itoh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Itoh Y, Esaki T, Shimoji K et al (2003) Dichloroacetate effects on glucose and lactate oxidation by neurons and astroglia in vitro and on glucose utilization by brain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:4879\u20134884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.0831078100","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3027_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01349-6","volume":"22","author":"A Araque","year":"1999","unstructured":"Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG (1999) Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 22:208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01349-6","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3027_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0B013E318181A343","volume":"30","author":"LF Poli-de-Figueiredo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poli-de-Figueiredo LF, Garrido AG, Nakagawa N, Sannomiya P (2008) Experimental models of sepsis and their clinical relevance. Shock 30(Suppl 1):53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0B013E318181A343","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"3027_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink MP, Heard SO (1990) Current research review laboratory models of sepsis and septic shock.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90260-9"},{"key":"3027_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2020.12.005","volume":"124","author":"FF Savi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savi FF, de Oliveira A, de Medeiros GF et al (2021) What animal models can tell us about long-term cognitive dysfunction following sepsis: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 124:386\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2020.12.005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3027_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0526-2","volume":"55","author":"B Bellaver","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bellaver B, dos Santos JP, Leffa DT et al (2018) Systemic inflammation as a driver of brain injury: the astrocyte as an emerging player. Mol Neurobiol 55:2685\u20132695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0526-2","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02089-9","volume":"57","author":"LG Danielski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Danielski LG, Della GA, Bonfante S et al (2020) NLRP3 Activation contributes to acute brain damage leading to memory impairment in sepsis-surviving rats. Mol Neurobiol 57:5247\u20135262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-020-02089-9","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moraes CA, Zaverucha-Do-valle C, Fleurance R et al (2021) Neuroinflammation in sepsis: molecular pathways of microglia activation. Pharmaceuticals 14.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PH14050416","DOI":"10.3390\/PH14050416"},{"key":"3027_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.041","volume":"80","author":"B Bellaver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellaver B, Rocha AS, Souza DG et al (2019) Activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell mediators trigger astrocyte reactivity. Brain Behav Immun 80:879\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.041","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3027_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rotaru-Zavaleanu AD, Neac\u015fu AI, Cojocaru A et al (2021) Heterogeneity in the number of astrocytes in the central nervous system after peritonitis. Curr Health Sci J 47:164\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12865\/CHSJ.47.02.03","DOI":"10.12865\/CHSJ.47.02.03"},{"key":"3027_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00750-z","volume":"40","author":"J Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian J, Tai Y, Shi M et al (2020) Atorvastatin relieves cognitive disorder after sepsis through reverting inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 40:521\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-019-00750-z","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8868-5","volume":"52","author":"CA Moraes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moraes CA, Santos G, Spohr TCLS et al (2015) Activated microglia-induced deficits in excitatory synapses through IL-1\u03b2: implications for cognitive impairment in sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 52:653\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8868-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0218-3","volume":"54","author":"CHR Catal\u00e3o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catal\u00e3o CHR, Santos-J\u00fanior NN, da Costa LHA et al (2017) Brain oxidative stress during experimental sepsis is attenuated by simvastatin administration. Mol Neurobiol 54:7008\u20137018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-0218-3","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3027_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang CT, Lue JH, Cheng TH, Tsai YJ (2020) Glycemic control with insulin attenuates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting glial activation via the suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in septic rats. Brain Res 1738.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146822"},{"key":"3027_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0899-z","volume":"42","author":"CQ Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong CQ, Zhou HC, Wu J, Guo NZ (2019) The protective effects and the involved mechanisms of tanshinone IIA on sepsis-induced brain damage in mice. Inflammation 42:354\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-018-0899-z","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"3027_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00222-z","volume":"38","author":"CHR Catal\u00e3o","year":"2020","unstructured":"Catal\u00e3o CHR, Santos-Junior NN, da Costa LHA et al (2020) Simvastatin prevents long-term cognitive deficits in sepsis survivor rats by reducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 38:871\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12640-020-00222-z","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"3027_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montoya A, Elgueta D, Campos J et al (2019) Dopamine receptor D3 signalling in astrocytes promotes neuroinflammation. Journal of Neuroinflammation 16.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12974-019-1652-8","DOI":"10.1186\/S12974-019-1652-8"},{"key":"3027_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.08.006","volume":"52","author":"JJ Alexander","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexander JJ, Jacob A, Cunningham P et al (2008) TNF is a key mediator of septic encephalopathy acting through its receptor, TNF receptor-1. Neurochem Int 52:447\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.08.006","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"3027_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000668","volume":"34","author":"B Beck-Schimmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck-Schimmer B, Baumann L, Restin T et al (2017) Sevoflurane attenuates systemic inflammation compared with propofol, but does not modulate neuro-inflammation: a laboratory rat study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 34:764\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000668","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"3027_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCHEMNEU.2005.07.003","volume":"30","author":"A Semmler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semmler A, Okulla T, Sastre M et al (2005) Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions. J Chem Neuroanat 30:144\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCHEMNEU.2005.07.003","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"3027_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasegawa-Ishii S, Inaba M, Umegaki H et al (2016) Endotoxemia-induced cytokine-mediated responses of hippocampal astrocytes transmitted by cells of the brain-immune interface. Sci Rep 6.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep25457","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25457"},{"key":"3027_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.084","volume":"533","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Y, Yang Y, Peng Z et al (2020) Silencing IFN\u03b3 inhibits A1 astrocytes and attenuates neurogenesis decline and cognitive impairment in endotoxemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 533:1519\u20131526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.084","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"3027_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106331","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0106331","volume":"9","author":"HQ Fu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fu HQ, Yang T, Xiao W et al (2014) Prolonged neuroinflammation after lipopolysaccharide exposure in aged rats. PLoS One 9:106331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0106331","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3027_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE21029","volume":"541","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE et al (2017) Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 541:481\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE21029","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3027_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12974-018-1251-0\/FIGURES\/11","volume":"15","author":"A Fujita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujita A, Yamaguchi H, Yamasaki R et al (2018) Connexin 30 deficiency attenuates A2 astrocyte responses and induces severe neurodegeneration in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride Parkinson\u2019s disease animal model. J Neuroinflammation 15:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12974-018-1251-0\/FIGURES\/11","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3027_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5919","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S337499","volume":"14","author":"S Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang S, Wang H, Zhou Q et al (2021) Melatonin ameliorates axonal hypomyelination of periventricular white matter by transforming A1 to A2 astrocyte via JAK2\/STAT3 pathway in septic neonatal rats. J Inflamm Res 14:5919\u20135937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S337499","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"3027_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen X-L, Wang Y, Peng W-W et al (2018) Effects of interleukin-6 and IL-6\/AMPK signaling pathway on mitochondrial biogenesis and astrocytes viability under experimental septic condition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.020"},{"key":"3027_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hua X, Wang Y, Yang C et al (2019) Effect of incubation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-\u03b3 on reactive astrogliosis. J Integr Neurosci 18:415\u2013421.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/J.JIN.2019.04.1138","DOI":"10.31083\/J.JIN.2019.04.1138"},{"key":"3027_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TIV.2014.05.006","volume":"28","author":"Q Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhao Y, Sun M et al (2014) 2-Deoxy-d-glucose attenuates sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 28:1183\u20131189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TIV.2014.05.006","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"3027_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.04.007","volume":"153","author":"A Fernandes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandes A, Silva RFM, Falc\u00e3o AS et al (2004) Cytokine production, glutamate release and cell death in rat cultured astrocytes treated with unconjugated bilirubin and LPS. J Neuroimmunol 153:64\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.04.007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"3027_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-66","volume":"7","author":"KV Rama Rao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR, Tong X et al (2010) Marked potentiation of cell swelling by cytokines in ammonia-sensitized cultured astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 7:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-7-66","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3027_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00814.x","volume":"81","author":"J Korcok","year":"2002","unstructured":"Korcok J, Wu F, Tyml K et al (2002) Sepsis inhibits reduction of dehydroascorbic acid and accumulation of ascorbate in astroglial cultures: intracellular ascorbate depletion increases nitric oxide synthase induction and glutamate uptake inhibition. J Neurochem 81:185\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00814.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3027_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10721","volume":"20","author":"W Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng W, Huang J, Zheng Y et al (2019) UCP2 silencing aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes under septic conditions. Mol Med Rep 20:4459\u20134466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2019.10721","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"3027_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun YB, Zhao H, Mu DL et al (2019) Dexmedetomidine inhibits astrocyte pyroptosis and subsequently protects the brain in in vitro and in vivo models of sepsis. Cell Death Dis 10.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-019-1416-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1416-5"},{"key":"3027_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.001","volume":"20","author":"AS Falc\u00e3o","year":"2005","unstructured":"Falc\u00e3o AS, Fernandes A, Brito MA et al (2005) Bilirubin-induced inflammatory response, glutamate release, and cell death in rat cortical astrocytes are enhanced in younger cells. Neurobiol Dis 20:199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"3027_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.07.028","volume":"253","author":"Y Bian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bian Y, Zhao X, Li M et al (2013) Various roles of astrocytes during recovery from repeated exposure to different doses of lipopolysaccharide. Behav Brain Res 253:253\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.07.028","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3027_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","volume":"14","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (2018) Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 14:133\u2013150","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3027_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daneman R, Prat A (2015) The blood\u2013brain barrier. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412"},{"key":"3027_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/S11064-019-02743-2","volume":"45","author":"T Shulyatnikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shulyatnikova T, Verkhratsky A (2020) Astroglia in sepsis associated encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 45:83\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11064-019-02743-2","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"3027_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0","volume":"814","author":"NA Oberheim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oberheim NA, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M (2012) Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function nancy. Methods Mol Biol 814:23\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"3027_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","volume":"222","author":"F Vasile","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasile F, Dossi E, Rouach N (2017) Human astrocytes\u202f: structure and functions in the healthy brain. Brain Struct Funct 222:2017\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"3027_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.310","volume":"44","author":"J Warford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warford J, Lamport A-C, Kennedy B, Easton AS (2017) Human brain chemokine and cytokine expression in sepsis: a report of three cases. Can J Neurol Sci\/JCanadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44:96\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2016.310","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci\/JCanadien des Sciences Neurologiques"},{"key":"3027_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004139","volume":"48","author":"BA Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan BA, Perkins AJ, Prasad NK et al (2020) Biomarkers of delirium duration and delirium severity in the ICU. Crit Care Med 48:353\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004139","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3027_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/GGI.12842","volume":"17","author":"C Jorge-Ripper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jorge-Ripper C, Alem\u00e1n MR, Ros R et al (2017) Prognostic value of acute delirium recovery in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 17:1161\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/GGI.12842","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T06:46:38Z","timestamp":1666939598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-022-03027-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}