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Alterations in the structure and function of synapses in the hippocampus are thought to underlie memory storage. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) plays a negative role in various neurological diseases by inhibiting axon regeneration and synaptic plasticity. However, the contributions of PirB to the mechanisms underlying the changes in synaptic plasticity after sleep loss that ultimately promote deficits in cognitive function have not been well elucidated. Here, we showed that chronic sleep restriction (CSR) mice displayed cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits accompanied by upregulation of PirB expression in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, PirB caused the dysregulation of actin through the RhoA\/ROCK2\/LIMK1\/cofilin signalling pathway, leading to abnormal structural and functional plasticity, which in turn resulted in cognitive dysfunction. PirB knockdown alleviated synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment after CSR by inhibiting the RhoA\/ROCK2\/LIMK1\/cofilin signalling pathway. Moreover, we found that fasudil, a widely used ROCK2 inhibitor, could mimic the beneficial effect of PirB knockdown and ameliorate synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment, further demonstrating that PirB induced cognitive dysfunction after CSR via the RhoA\/ROCK2\/LIMK1\/cofilin signalling pathway. Our study sheds new light on the role of PirB as an important mediator in modulating the dysfunction of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function via the RhoA\/ROCK2\/LIMK1\/cofilin signalling pathway, which indicated that hippocampal PirB is a promising therapeutic target for counteracting cognitive impairment after CSR.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>This illustration depicts the signalling pathway by PirB in mediating cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits in CSR mice. In the hippocampus of CSR mice, the expression level of PirB was significantly increased. In addition, CSR increases RhoA and ROCK2 levels and reduces levels of both LIMK1 and cofilin phosphorylation. PirB knockdown reverses cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity disorders caused by CSR through the RhoA\/ROCK2\/LIMK1\/cofilin signalling pathway<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03127-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T10:18:39Z","timestamp":1669198719000},"page":"1132-1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Involvement of Paired Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B in Cognitive Dysfunction Through Hippocampal-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Impairments in Mice Subjected to Chronic Sleep Restriction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xuying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchun","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxue","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lichao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3127_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506a1","volume":"65","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Cunningham TJ, Lu H, Croft JB (2016) Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults\u2013United States, 2014. 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