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The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of in utero exposure to the synthetic GC analog dexamethasone (Dex) in adult female offspring. We monitored spontaneous activity in the home cage under a constant 12\u00a0h\/12\u00a0h light\/dark cycle, as well as the changes following a 6-h advance of dark onset (phase shift). For comparison, we re-analysed data previously recorded in males. Dex-exposed females were spontaneously more active, and the activity onset re-entrained slower than in controls. In contrast, Dex-exposed males were less active, and the activity onset re-entrained faster than in controls. Following the phase shift, control females displayed a transient reorganisation of behaviour in light and virtually no change in dark, while Dex-exposed females showed limited variations from baseline in both light and dark, suggesting weaker photic entrainment. Next, we ran bulk RNA-sequencing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of Dex and control females. SPIA pathway analysis of\u2009~\u20092300 differentially expressed genes identified significantly downregulated dopamine signalling, and upregulated glutamate and GABA signalling. We selected a set of candidate genes matching the behaviour alterations and found consistent differential regulation for\u2009~\u200973% of tested genes in SCN and hippocampus tissue samples. Taken together, our data highlight sex differences in the outcome of prenatal exposure to excess GC in adult mice: in contrast to depression-like behaviour in males, the phenotype in females, defined by behaviour and differential gene expression, is consistent with ADHD models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03522-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T12:09:54Z","timestamp":1691669394000},"page":"7346-7361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex Differences in Long-term Outcome of Prenatal Exposure to Excess Glucocorticoids\u2014Implications for Development of Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Frederik","family":"Elberling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8122-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Spulber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoi Yee","family":"Keung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virpi","family":"Ahola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ceccatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3522_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.03.001","volume":"26","author":"K R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen","year":"2012","unstructured":"R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen K, Pesonen AK, Roseboom TJ, Eriksson JG (2012) Early determinants of mental health. 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