{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:37:58Z","timestamp":1792291078438,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T17:00:16Z","timestamp":1742230816000},"page":"9170-9174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential Risks of Minoxidil in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Commentary on Safety Concerns and Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Emirhan","family":"Harbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozcan","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"4842_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2024.101953","author":"MB Annika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Annika MB (2024) Update on clinical characteristics in the evaluation of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2024.101953","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4842_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonanno FG. (2011). Physiopathology of shock. Journal of emergencies trauma and shock s. 222\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2700.82210","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.82210"},{"key":"4842_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boot CS. (2023). A Laboratory Medicine Perspective on the Investigation of Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13182940","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182940"},{"key":"4842_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyd JL. (2019). A high rate of modestly elevated plasma normetanephrine in a population referred for suspected PPGL when measured in a seated position. Eur J Endocrinol s. 301\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-19-0176","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0176"},{"key":"4842_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bravo EL. (2003). Pheochromocytoma: state-of-the-art and future prospects. Endocrine reviews s. 539\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2002-0013","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0013"},{"key":"4842_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campese MV. (1981). Minoxidil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs s. 257\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003495-198122040-00001","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198122040-00001"},{"key":"4842_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carey RM.-H.-C. (2018). Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), s. e53\u2013e90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084"},{"key":"4842_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1021420","author":"GP Constantinescu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Constantinescu GP (2022) Silent pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: Systematic review and proposed definitions for standardized terminology. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1021420","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4842_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eisenhofer GP. (2023). Biochemical Assessment of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endocr Rev s. 862\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnad011","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad011"},{"key":"4842_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eisenhofer. GL. (2012). Plasma methoxytyramine: a novel biomarker of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in relation to established risk factors of tumour size, location and SDHB mutation status. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), s. 1739\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.07.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.07.016"},{"key":"4842_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabbrocini GC. (2018). Female pattern hair loss: A clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review. Int J Women's Dermatol s. 203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijwd.2018.05.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2018.05.001"},{"key":"4842_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae078","author":"GF Fagundes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fagundes GF (2024) Pitfalls in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Pheochromocytomas. J Endocr Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae078","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"4842_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falhammar HS. (2019). Presentation, Treatment, Histology, and Outcomes in Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia Compared With Pheochromocytoma. J Endocr Soc s. 1518\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/js.2019-00200","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00200"},{"key":"4842_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fassnacht MT-P. (2023). European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol s. G1\u2013G42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad066","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad066"},{"key":"4842_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ganni RT. (2023). Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab s. e885\u2013e892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad121","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad121"},{"key":"4842_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia-Carbonero R.M.-C.-C.-E.-C.-A. (2021). Multidisciplinary practice guidelines for the diagnosis, genetic counseling and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Clin Transl Oncol Off Publ Fed Span Oncol Soc National Cancer Inst Mex s. 1995\u20132019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12094-021-02622-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-021-02622-9"},{"key":"4842_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garg MK. (2011). Medical management of pheochromocytoma: Role of the endocrinologist. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 15 Suppl 4(Suppl4) s. S329\u2013S336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.86976","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.86976"},{"key":"4842_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grassi GM. (2015). The sympathetic nervous system alterations in human hypertension. Circ Res s. 976\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303604","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303604"},{"key":"4842_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeberg S. (1980). Studies on the effect of chronic oral administration of minoxidil and hydralazine on vascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp therapeutics, s. 279\u2013286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)32294-9"},{"key":"4842_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gruber LM.-S. (2021). The Role for Metyrosine in the Treatment of Patients With Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab s. e2393\u2013e2401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab130","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab130"},{"key":"4842_CR21","unstructured":"Gupta PM. (2023). Pheochromocytoma. StatPearls [Internet]"},{"key":"4842_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gurney AM. (1995). Inhibition of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit aorta by hydralazine. Br J Pharmacol s. 238\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14931.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14931.x"},{"key":"4842_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harbi E, Aschner M. Nuclear medicine and perspective thoughts in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Neuroendocrinol.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.70017","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70017"},{"key":"4842_CR24","unstructured":"Herman LB. (2023). Hydralazine. StatPearls [Internet]"},{"key":"4842_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jha AP.-M. (2022). Choice Is Good at Times: The Emergence of [64Cu]Cu-DOTATATE-Based Somatostatin Receptor Imaging in the Era of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE. Journal of nuclear medicine : off Publ Soc Nucl Med s. 1300\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.122.264183","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264183"},{"key":"4842_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030594","author":"SA Jhawar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jhawar SA (2022) New Insights on the Genetics of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma and Its Clinical Implications. Cancers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14030594","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"4842_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson BF. (1983). A comparison of minoxidil and hydralazine in non-azotemic hypertensives. J Hypertens s. 103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004872-198306000-00017","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198306000-00017"},{"key":"4842_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1026918","author":"NM Kimura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kimura NM (2022) Mixed corticomedullary tumor of the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1026918","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"4842_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lenders JW.-R. (2014). Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab s. 1915\u20131942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1498"},{"key":"4842_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lenders JW.-R. (2020). Genetics diagnosis management and future directions of research of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens s. 1443\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002438","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002438"},{"key":"4842_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maradana JE. (2023). Mixed Corticomedullary Tumor of the Adrenal Gland: A Case Report and Literature Review. Medicina (Kaunas Lithuania). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59091539","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091539"},{"key":"4842_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markham RV. (1983). Central and regional hemodynamic effects and neurohumoral consequences of minoxidil in severe congestive heart failure and comparison to hydralazine and nitroprusside. Am J Cardiol s. 774\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90414-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90414-9"},{"key":"4842_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meier AW. (1981). Catecholamines, renin, aldosterone, and blood volume during chronic minoxidil therapy. Klin Wochenschr s. 1231\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01747754","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01747754"},{"key":"4842_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mete OA. (2022). Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas. Endocr Pathol s. 90\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-022-09704-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09704-6"},{"key":"4842_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell HC. (1978). Long-term treatment of refractory hypertensive patients with minoxidil. JAMA s. 2131\u20132138","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280470043020"},{"key":"4842_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mundt HM. (2016). Minoxidil for Treatment of Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease--A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich Conn.) s. 1162\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.12847","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12847"},{"key":"4842_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O'Malley KV. (1975). Control plasma renin activity and changes in sympathetic tone as determinants of minoxidil-induced increase in plasma renin activity. J Clin Investig s. 230\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI107926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107926"},{"key":"4842_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacak KT. (2018). Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endotext [Internet]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091391"},{"key":"4842_CR39","unstructured":"Patel PN. (2024). Minoxidil. StatPearls [Internet]"},{"key":"4842_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel., E. C. (2022). A Rare Case: Adrenal Corticomedullary Mixed Tumor With Elements of Pheochromocytoma, Cortical Adenoma, and Ganglioneuroma Cells. AACE Clin Case Rep s. 17\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aace.2022.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aace.2022.11.005"},{"key":"4842_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peitzsch MN. (2021). Harmonization of LC-MS\/MS Measurements of Plasma Free Normetanephrine Metanephrine and 3-Methoxytyramine. Clin Chem s. 1098\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab060","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab060"},{"key":"4842_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rao DP. (2017). Plasma methoxytyramine: clinical utility with metanephrines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol s. 103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-17-0077","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0077"},{"key":"4842_CR43","unstructured":"Seedat YK. (1981). Minoxidil in combination with a beta-adrenergic blocker and a diuretic as an antihypertensive in patients refractory to available medications. South Afr Med J = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskd s. 707\u2013709"},{"key":"4842_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sica AD. (2004). Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn.) s. 283\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x"},{"key":"4842_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sica DA. (2001). Direct vasodilators and their role in hypertension management: minoxidil. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich, Conn.) s. 110\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2001.00455.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2001.00455.x"},{"key":"4842_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suarez-Roca HM. (2021). Baroreceptor Modulation of the Cardiovascular System Pain Consciousness and Cognition. Comprehensive Physiology s. 1373\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c190038","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190038"},{"key":"4842_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suchonwanit PT. (2019). Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: a review. Drug Des Dev Ther s. 2777\u20132786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S214907","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S214907"},{"key":"4842_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb DN.-B. (2024). Management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in patients with germline SDHB pathogenic variants: an international expert Consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol s. 168\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-023-00926-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00926-0"},{"key":"4842_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timmers HJ.-A. (2008). Biochemically silent abdominal paragangliomas in patients with mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab s. 4826\u20134832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1093","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1093"},{"key":"4842_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timmers HJ. (2024). Imaging of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. Endocr Rev s. 414\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnae001","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae001"},{"key":"4842_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trinh S &.-C. (2023). The Calm Before the Storm: A Pheochromocytoma Case Rep Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.46915","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46915"},{"key":"4842_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Velasco MU.-Q.-P. (1981). Effect of minoxidil on sympathetic nervous activity in clonidine-treated hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol s. 259\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00618775","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00618775"},{"key":"4842_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilburn RL. (1975). Long-term treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil, propranolol and furosemide. Circulation s. 706\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.52.4.706","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.52.4.706"},{"key":"4842_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab140","author":"SB Yoshida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshida SB (2021) Mixed Corticomedullary Tumor Accompanied by Unilateral Aldosterone-Producing Adrenocortical Micronodules: a Case Report. J Endocr Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvab140","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T03:01:18Z","timestamp":1751338878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-04842-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}