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Also, it is commonly demonstrated that the gut and the CNS are closely related in a bidirectional pathway. A balanced gut microbiome is essential for regular brain activities and emotional responses. On the other hand, the CNS regulates the majority of GI physiology. Any disruption in this bidirectional pathway led to a progression of health problems in both directions, neurological and gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we hope to shed light on the complicated connections of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and the critical roles of gut microbiome in the early development of the brain in order to get a deeper knowledge of microbiome-mediated pathological conditions and management options through rebalancing of gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04846-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1744722368000},"page":"10813-10833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Yasmin N.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0288-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh F.","family":"Alqifari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5507-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirah","family":"Alhowiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5817-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyder","family":"Mirghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8239-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4678-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0807-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0292-1","volume":"8","author":"TG Dinan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2016) Mood by microbe: towards clinical translation. 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