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In this study, we assessed the gut microbiota in 50 genetically confirmed DMD patients (median age 13.1\u00a0years) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cognitive assessment was performed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, with ID defined as an IQ\u2009&lt;\u200970. Stool samples were analyzed, and statistical methods were used to assess alpha- and beta-diversity. Thirty-four percent of patients had ID. No significant differences were found in alpha-diversity or in the <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> ratio. However, beta-diversity analysis revealed significant differences between DMD\u2009+\u2009and DMD\u2009\u2212\u2009groups, including, in DMD\u2009+\u2009, an increased abundance of <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>, and a reduction in <jats:italic>Bulleidia<\/jats:italic>. These bacteria are involved in metabolic pathways that can influence neurological health through the gut-brain axis, particularly via the production of short-chain fatty acids. While these preliminary findings suggest a possible association between gut microbiota profile and cognitive impairment in DMD, further research is needed to explore a causal relationship and consider microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04974-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T16:27:17Z","timestamp":1746462437000},"page":"11799-11809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploratory Analysis of Gut Microbiota Profile in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Patients with Intellectual Disability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Panicucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Casalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fiorito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Biolcati","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Biagioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cangelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Brolatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Baratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pedemonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Morando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Venturino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Uva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4974_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","volume":"7","author":"D Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan D, Goemans N, Takeda S, Mercuri E, Aartsma-Rus A (2021) Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 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