{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:55:15Z","timestamp":1793048115962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4001864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4001864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T01:27:07Z","timestamp":1746494827000},"page":"11848-11876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of the Protective Effects of Noscapine on Paraquat-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Bosak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vafa","family":"Baradaran Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Sobhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Dabbaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Soukhtanloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Zahedi Avval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid Reza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108831","volume":"201","author":"MH Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad MH, Fatima M, Ali M, Rizvi MA, Mondal AC (2021) Naringenin alleviates paraquat-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in SH-SY5Y cells and a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology 201:108831","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"5000_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109794","volume":"352","author":"MA Altinoz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altinoz MA, Guloksuz S, Ozpinar A (2022) Immunomodifying and neuroprotective effects of Noscapine: Implications for multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Chem Biol Interact 352:109794","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"5000_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2010.10.009","volume":"64","author":"EA Awadalla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Awadalla EA (2012) Efficacy of vitamin C against liver and kidney damage induced by paraquat toxicity. Exp Toxicol Pathol 64:431\u2013434","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"5000_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1148-z","volume":"56","author":"S Bast\u00edas-Candia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bast\u00edas-Candia S, Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC (2019) Revisiting the paraquat-induced sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease-like model. Mol Neurobiol 56:1044\u20131055","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"5000_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.217","volume":"17","author":"C Berry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berry C, La Vecchia C, Nicotera P (2010) Paraquat and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell Death Differ 17:1115\u20131125","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"5000_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.899694","volume":"48","author":"T Blanco-Ayala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blanco-Ayala T, And\u00e9rica-Romero A, Pedraza-Chaverri J (2014) New insights into anti-oxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free Radical Res 48:623\u2013640","journal-title":"Free Radical Res"},{"key":"5000_CR7","first-page":"243","volume":"34","author":"M B\u0142aszczy\u0144ski","year":"1985","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczy\u0144ski M, Litwi\u0144ska J, Zaborowska D, Bili\u0144ski T (1985) The role of respiratory chain in paraquat toxicity in yeast. Acta Microbiol Pol 34:243\u2013254","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Pol"},{"key":"5000_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.02.006","volume":"31","author":"Q Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen Q, Niu Y, Zhang R, Guo H, Gao Y, Li Y, Liu R (2010) The toxic influence of paraquat on hippocampus of mice: involvement of oxidative stress. Neurotoxicology 31:310\u2013316","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"5000_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21995","volume":"67","author":"HC Cheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheng HC, Ulane CM, Burke RE (2010) Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons. Ann Neurol 67:715\u2013725","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5000_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.002","volume":"41","author":"SJ Chinta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chinta SJ, Andersen JK (2006) Reversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity following chronic dopaminergic glutathione depletion in vitro: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Free Radical Biol Med 41:1442\u20131448","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"5000_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.23.2.126","volume":"23","author":"D Clark","year":"1966","unstructured":"Clark D, McElligott T, Hurst EW (1966) The toxicity of paraquat. Occup Environ Med 23:126\u2013132","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"5000_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.01.028","volume":"62","author":"LM Collins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collins LM, Toulouse A, Connor TJ, Nolan YM (2012) Contributions of central and systemic inflammation to the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology 62:2154\u20132168","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"5000_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp006","volume":"169","author":"S Costello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Costello S, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Zhang X, Ritz B (2009) Parkinson\u2019s disease and residential exposure to maneb and paraquat from agricultural applications in the central valley of California. Am J Epidemiol 169:919\u2013926","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5000_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609627","volume":"22","author":"B Dahlstr\u00f6m","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dahlstr\u00f6m B, Mellstrand T, L\u00f6fdahl C-G, Johansson M (1982) Pharmakokinetic properties of Noscapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 22:535\u2013539","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"5000_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3","volume":"39","author":"W Dauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dauer W, Przedborski S (2003) Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39:889\u2013909","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"5000_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deacon RM (2013) Measuring motor coordination in mice. JoVE (J Visual Exp) e2609","DOI":"10.3791\/2609"},{"key":"5000_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1021\/jm501180v","volume":"58","author":"A DeBono","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeBono A, Capuano B, Scammells PJ (2015) Progress toward the development of Noscapine and derivatives as anticancer agents. J Med Chem 58:5699\u20135727","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"5000_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","volume":"82","author":"GL Ellman","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ellman GL (1959) Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 82:70\u201377","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"5000_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00114-8","volume":"59","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lvarez JA, Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez JA (1997) Thiobarbituric acid test for monitoring lipid oxidation in meat. Food Chem 59:345\u2013353","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"5000_CR20","first-page":"267","volume":"87","author":"JD Gazewood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gazewood JD, Richards DR, Clebak K (2013) Parkinson disease: an update. Am Fam Physician 87:267\u2013273","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"5000_CR21","first-page":"87","volume":"25","author":"Z Ghasemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghasemi Z, Kiasalari Z, Ebrahimi F, Ansari F, Sharayeli M, Roghani M (2017) Neuroprotective effect of diosgenin in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced model of Parkinson\u00e2 s disease in the rat. Daneshvar Med 25:87\u201398","journal-title":"Daneshvar Med"},{"key":"5000_CR22","first-page":"40","volume":"20","author":"H Hassanzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh H, Rahimmi A, Amini S, Hassanzadeh K (2015) Effect of N-acetylcysteine on motor symptoms and parkin protein level in frontal cortex in rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci 20:40\u201347","journal-title":"Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"5000_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00177","volume":"8","author":"MP Helley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helley MP, Pinnell J, Sportelli C, Tieu K (2017) Mitochondria: a common target for genetic mutations and environmental toxicants in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Genet 8:177","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"5000_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(85)90044-9","volume":"43","author":"K-I Hirai","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hirai K-I, Witschi H, C\u00f4t\u00e9 MG (1985) Mitochondrial injury of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells in acute paraquat intoxication. Exp Mol Pathol 43:242\u2013252","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"5000_CR25","first-page":"870","volume":"19","author":"M Hooman Khademi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hooman Khademi M, Farin Kamangar M, Paul Brennan M, Reza Malekzadeh M (2016) Opioid therapy and its side effects: a review. Arch Iran Med 19:870","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"5000_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112653","volume":"253","author":"A Mokhtari-Zaer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mokhtari-Zaer A, Norouzi F, Askari VR, Khazdair MR, Roshan NM, Boskabady M, Hosseini M, Boskabady MH (2020) The protective effect of Nigella sativa extract on lung inflammation and oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats.\u00a0J Ethnopharmacol 253:112653","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmaco"},{"key":"5000_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02929.x","volume":"92","author":"M Hsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsu M, Srinivas B, Kumar J, Subramanian R, Andersen J (2005) Glutathione depletion resulting in selective mitochondrial complex I inhibition in dopaminergic cells is via an NO-mediated pathway not involving peroxynitrite: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 92:1091\u20131103","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"5000_CR28","unstructured":"Ishola AO, Laoye BJ, Oyeleke DE, Bankole OO, Sirjao MU, Cobham AE, Balogun WG, Balogun AA et al (2015) Vitamin D3 receptor activation rescued corticostriatal neural activity and improved motor-cognitive function in\u2212 D2R Parkinsonian mice model. J Biomed Sci Eng 1\u201315"},{"key":"5000_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12434","volume":"33","author":"IO Ishola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishola IO, Akataobi OE, Alade AA, Adeyemi OO (2019) Glimepiride prevents paraquat-induced Parkinsonism in mice: involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 33:277\u2013285","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"5000_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0256-9","volume":"33","author":"IO Ishola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ishola IO, Akinyede A, Adeluwa T, Micah C (2018) Novel action of vinpocetine in the prevention of paraquat-induced parkinsonism in mice: involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Metab Brain Dis 33:1493\u20131500","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"5000_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaraj RL, Beiram R, Azimullah S, MF NM, Ojha SK, Adem A, Jalal FY (2021) Noscapine prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity: involvement of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and autophagy pathways. Molecules 26: 4627","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154627"},{"key":"5000_CR32","first-page":"13","volume":"7","author":"J Je\u017eek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Je\u017eek J, Cooper KF, Strich R (2018) Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dynamics: the yin and yang of mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer progression. Anti-oxidants 7:13","journal-title":"Anti-oxidants"},{"key":"5000_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.03.011","volume":"195","author":"MJ Kang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kang MJ, Gil SJ, Lee JE, Koh HC (2010) Selective vulnerability of the striatal subregions of C57BL\/6 mice to paraquat. Toxicol Lett 195:127\u2013134","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"5000_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.05.022","volume":"132","author":"K Kaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaur K, Sodhi RK, Katyal A, Aneja R, Jain UK, Katare OP, Madan J (2015) Wheat germ agglutinin anchored chitosan microspheres of reduced brominated derivative of Noscapine ameliorated acute inflammation in experimental colitis. Colloids Surf, B 132:225\u2013235","journal-title":"Colloids Surf, B"},{"key":"5000_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3585-x","volume":"40","author":"R Kaur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaur R, Mehan S, Singh S (2019) Understanding multifactorial architecture of Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathophysiology to management. Neurol Sci 40:13\u201323","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5000_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0360","volume":"10","author":"JW Landen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Landen JW, Hau V, Wang M, Davis T, Ciliax B, Wainer BH, Van Meir EG, Glass JD et al (2004) Noscapine crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits glioblastoma growth. Clin Cancer Res 10:5187\u20135201","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"5000_CR37","first-page":"184","volume":"35","author":"M Madesh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Madesh M, Balasubramanian K (1998) Microtiter plate assay for superoxide dismutase using MTT reduction by superoxide. Indian J Biochem Biophys 35:184\u2013188","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"5000_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10192","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2429","volume":"70","author":"EN Maldonado","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maldonado EN, Patnaik J, Mullins MR, Lemasters JJ (2010) Free tubulin modulates mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells. Can Res 70:10192\u201310201","journal-title":"Can Res"},{"key":"5000_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00162-4","volume":"95","author":"GJ Mattiasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mattiasson GJ, Philips MF, Tomasevic G, Johansson BB, Wieloch T, McIntosh TK (2000) The rotating pole test: evaluation of its effectiveness in assessing functional motor deficits following experimental head injury in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 95:75\u201382","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"5000_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0507","volume":"10","author":"AL McCormack","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCormack AL, Thiruchelvam M, Manning-Bog AB, Thiffault C, Langston JW, Cory-Slechta DA, Di Monte DA (2002) Environmental risk factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis 10:119\u2013127","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"5000_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-163","volume":"8","author":"S Mitra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitra S, Chakrabarti N, Bhattacharyya A (2011) Differential regional expression patterns of \u03b1-synuclein, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2; and variable status of dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse brain after Paraquat treatment. J Neuroinflammation 8:1\u201322","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"5000_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111704","volume":"130","author":"Z Najafi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Najafi Z, Moosavi Z, Baradaran Rahimi V, Hashemitabar G, Askari VR (2024) Evaluation of Anti-Nociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Fibrotic effects of Noscapine against a rat model of Achilles tendinopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 130:111704","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5000_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.024","volume":"48","author":"M Niso-Santano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niso-Santano M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Polo RA, Bravo-San Pedro JM, G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez R, Lastres-Becker I, Ortiz-Ortiz MA, Soler G et al (2010) Activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is a key factor in paraquat-induced cell death: modulation by the Nrf2\/Trx axis. Free Radical Biol Med 48:1370\u20131381","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"5000_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1781","volume":"47","author":"F Nourbakhsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nourbakhsh F, Askari VR (2021) Biological and pharmacological activities of Noscapine: focusing on its receptors and mechanisms. BioFactors 47:975\u2013991","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"5000_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2165","volume":"16","author":"JA Obeso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M et al (2010) Missing pieces in the Parkinson\u2019s disease puzzle. Nat Med 16:653\u2013661","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5000_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, Schrag A-E, Lang AE (2017) Parkinson disease. Nature Rev Dis Prim 3:1\u201321","journal-title":"Nature Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"5000_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.10.008","volume":"25","author":"MG Purisai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purisai MG, McCormack AL, Cumine S, Li J, Isla MZ, Di Monte DA (2007) Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 25:392\u2013400","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"5000_CR48","first-page":"130","volume":"9","author":"S Raina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raina S, Kumar V, Kaushal S, Gupta D (2008) Two cases of Paraquat poisoning from Himachal Pradesh. J Indian Acad Clin Med 9:130\u2013132","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Clin Med"},{"key":"5000_CR49","first-page":"61","volume":"10","author":"MU Sirajo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sirajo MU, Owolabi LF, Abubakar M, Ishola AO, Tela AI, Shehu K, Oyeleke EO (2019) ameliorative effect of vitamin c and uv-b rays on nigrostriatal and corticostriatal degeneration in haloperidol induced parkinsonism in wistar rats. Niger J Neurosci Nig J Neurosci 10:61\u201370","journal-title":"Niger J Neurosci Nig J Neurosci"},{"key":"5000_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20383","volume":"20","author":"M Stacy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stacy M, Bowron A, Guttman M, Hauser R, Hughes K, Larsen JP, LeWitt P, Oertel W et al (2005) Identification of motor and nonmotor wearing-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease: comparison of a patient questionnaire versus a clinician assessment. Mov disord: official J Mov Disord Soc 20:726\u2013733","journal-title":"Mov disord: official J Mov Disord Soc"},{"key":"5000_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNF.0000232277.68501.08","volume":"29","author":"M Stacy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stacy M, Hauser R, Oertel W, Schapira A, Sethi K, Stocchi F, Tolosa E (2006) End-of-dose wearing off in Parkinson disease: a 9-question survey assessment. Clin Neuropharmacol 29:312\u2013321","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"5000_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90291-3","volume":"43","author":"JH Thakar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thakar JH, Hassan MN (1988) Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), cyperquat (MPP+) and paraquat on isolated mitochondria from rat striatum, cortex and liver. Life Sci 43:143\u2013149","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5000_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(91)90717-J","volume":"42","author":"M Tomita","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tomita M (1991) Comparison of one-electron reduction activity against the bipyridylium herbicides, paraquat and diquat, in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of liver, lung and kidney (in vitro). Biochem Pharmacol 42:303\u2013309","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"5000_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0491-x","volume":"6","author":"C Vaccari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaccari C, El Dib R, de Camargo JLV (2017) Paraquat and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review protocol according to the OHAT approach for hazard identification. Syst Rev 6:1\u20138","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"5000_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0491-x","volume":"6","author":"C Vaccari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaccari C, El Dib R, de Camargo JLV (2017) Paraquat and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review protocol according to the OHAT approach for hazard identification. Syst Rev 6:98","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"5000_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39777","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203927200","volume":"277","author":"J Zhou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhou J, Gupta K, Yao J, Ye K, Panda D, Giannakakou P, Joshi HC (2002) Paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells undergo c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis in response to Noscapine. J Biol Chem 277:39777\u201339785","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1757172681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05000-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethical approval code IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1401.120) Ethical Committee authorized all animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All Authors agree to publish the article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}