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This study investigates the neuroprotective potential of gestational melatonin (MEL) treatment using an IUGR rabbit model. IUGR was induced by ligating the uteroplacental vessels of one uterine horn in pregnant rabbits, using the other horn as the control (CNT). Dams received either placebo (PLA) or MEL from gestational day 25 to 30, when pups were delivered by cesarean section. We performed a functional evaluation, followed by placental histopathology, oligodendrocyte quantification, neuronal arborization, and DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) staining of MEL receptors in the brain. IUGR groups exhibited significantly lower body weights and survival rates than CNTs, confirming successful model induction. Placental analysis indicated higher phase 2 ischemia in IUGR than CNTs, and reduced calcifications in MEL-treated groups. Brain analysis showed fewer oligodendrocytes and MEL receptors in PLA-treated IUGR groups compared to CNTs, partially reversed by MEL treatment. A dual response to MEL was observed in several endpoints, with beneficial effects on IUGR and detrimental effects on CNT groups. In conclusion, MEL demonstrates beneficial effects on the IUGR brain, particularly by increasing oligodendrocyte numbers, but its detrimental effects in CNT groups warrant caution in healthy pregnancies. These results indicate that substances can act as both therapeutic and toxic agents depending on physiological context, underscoring the need for further research to understand MEL\u2019s mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05032-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:15:51Z","timestamp":1754036151000},"page":"16119-16132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dual Effect of Melatonin in Fetal Brain: Structural and Cellular Implications in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Laia","family":"Guardia-Escote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Fuentes-Amell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Gratac\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britta Anna","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Barenys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8366-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Illa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.12.009","volume":"66","author":"K Kesavan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kesavan K, Devaskar SU (2019) Intrauterine growth restriction: postnatal monitoring and outcomes. 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