{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1790844472510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EXC 2145\u2028SyNergy \u2013 ID 390857198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2145\u2028SyNergy \u2013 ID 390857198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005713","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are neurodegenerative disorders diagnosed by clinical criteria with limited diagnostic specificity in early stages. Diagnostic biomarkers facilitating early and precise diagnosis are needed. Tear fluid (TF) is an easily accessible body fluid reflecting pathophysiological changes in ocular and systemic diseases. In this exploratory study, we investigate TF as a non-invasive source of disease-specific miRNAs for PD, MSA, and PSP. We demonstrate reduced TF production in PD patients. Using a real-time quantitative PCR-based array targeting 1113 miRNAs, we identified 55 exclusively expressed in PD, 35 in PSP, and 14 in MSA, respectively. Several of these have previously been identified in other biofluids. Overrepresentation analysis of target genes showed apoptotic and cell differentiation pathways as common targets. While these findings suggest that miRNA alterations in TF might reflect disease mechanisms in PD and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes, the exploratory character of the study combined with the use of pooled samples, indicates the need for further validation. The small sample size highlights the importance of follow-up studies with larger, more definitive cohorts to confirm the potential of these miRNAs as reliable biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T05:12:05Z","timestamp":1754284325000},"page":"16397-16409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Tear Fluid miRNAs in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9557-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia F.","family":"Demleitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4959-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Caldi","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Wenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7643-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tzeplaeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"P\u00fcrner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Luib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4669-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea H.","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9362-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Lingor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"5252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, Obeso J, Marek K et al. (2015) MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30(12):1591\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26424","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"5252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29005","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Stankovic I, Vignatelli L, Fanciulli A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Seppi K, Palma JA, Meissner WG et al. (2022) The movement disorder society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"5252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26987","volume":"32","author":"GU H\u00f6glinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, Kurz C, Josephs KA, Lang AE, Mollenhauer B, M\u00fcller U et al. (2017) Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord 32(6):853\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26987","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"5252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002350","volume":"86","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizzo G, Copetti M, Arcuti S, Martino D, Fontana A, Logroscino G (2016) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 86(6):566\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002350","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142","volume":"52","author":"C Diener","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diener C, Keller A, Meese E (2024) The miRNA\u2013target interactions: an underestimated intricacy. Nucleic Acids Res 52(4):1544\u20131557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060842","volume":"17","author":"D-D Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cao D-D, Li L, Chan W-Y (2016) MicroRNAs: key regulators in the central nervous system and their implication in neurological diseases. Int J Mol Sci 17(6):842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060842","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00791-2","volume":"10","author":"N Shaheen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shaheen N, Shaheen A, Osama M, Nashwan AJ, Bharmauria V, Flouty O (2024) MicroRNAs regulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease, and their potential role as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. npj Parkinson\u2019s Disease 10(1):186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-024-00791-2","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"5252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147405","volume":"56","author":"JA Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber JA, Baxter DH, Zhang S, Huang DY, How Huang K, Jen Lee M, Galas DJ, Wang K (2010) The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin Chem 56(11):1733\u20131741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147405","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"5252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00625","volume":"12","author":"AE Roser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roser AE, Caldi Gomes L, Sch\u00fcnemann J, Maass F, Lingor P (2018) Circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neurosci 12:625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00625","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"5252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9vremont D, Roy J, Cutfield NJ, Williams JM (2023) MicroRNAs in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis. Sci Rep 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-43096-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43096-9"},{"issue":"15","key":"5252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158243","volume":"25","author":"A \u0106wikli\u0144ska","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u0106wikli\u0144ska A, Procyk G, Koziorowski D, Szlufik S (2024) The role of MicroRNAs in progressive supranuclear palsy\u2014a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 25(15):8243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158243","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"5252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7736","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0253-0","volume":"54","author":"TM Marques","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marques TM, Kuiperij HB, Bruinsma IB, Van Rumund A, Aerts MB, Esselink RAJ, Bloem BR, Verbeek MM (2017) MicroRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid as potential biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy. Mol Neurobiol 54(10):7736\u20137745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-0253-0","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"5252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2015.05.001","volume":"5","author":"M B\u00f6rger","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00f6rger M, Funke S, B\u00e4hr M, Grus F, Lingor P (2015) Biomarker sources for Parkinson\u2019s disease: time to shed tears? Basal Ganglia 5(2\u20133):63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.baga.2015.05.001","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01993-x","volume":"11","author":"M Gijs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gijs M, Ramakers IHGB, Visser PJ, Verhey FRJ, Van De Waarenburg MPH, Schalkwijk CG, Nuijts RMMA, Webers CAB (2021) Association of tear fluid amyloid and tau levels with disease severity and neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 11(1):22675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01993-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.24014","author":"M Gijs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gijs M, Jorna N, Datson N, Beekman C, Dansokho C, Weiss A, Linden DEJ, Oosterloo M (2024) High levels of mutant huntingtin protein in tear fluid from Huntington\u2019s disease gene expansion carriers. J Mov Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/jmd.24014","journal-title":"J Mov Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51837-y","volume":"9","author":"A Kenny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenny A, Jim\u00e9nez-Mateos EM, Zea-Sevilla MA, R\u00e1bano A, Gili-Manzanaro P, Prehn JHM, Henshall DC, \u00c1vila J et al (2019) Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 9(1):15437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51837-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"5252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2019-0315","volume":"13","author":"SF Hamm-Alvarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamm-Alvarez SF, Janga SR, Edman MC, Feigenbaum D, Freire D, Mack WJ, Okamoto CT, Lew MF (2019) Levels of oligomeric \u03b1-Synuclein in reflex tears distinguish Parkinson\u2019s disease patients from healthy controls. Biomark Med 13(17):1447\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/bmm-2019-0315","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"5252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12104-3","author":"E Luib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luib E, Demleitner AF, Cordts I, Westenberg E, Rau P, P\u00fcrner D, Haller B, Lingor P (2023) Reduced tear fluid production in neurological diseases: a cohort study in 708 patients. J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-12104-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65503-1","volume":"10","author":"F Maass","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maass F, Rikker S, Dambeck V, Warth C, Tatenhorst L, Csoti I, Schmitz M, Zerr I et al (2020) Increased alpha-synuclein tear fluid levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 10(1):8507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65503-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.03.001","volume":"63","author":"M Boerger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boerger M, Funke S, Leha A, Roser AE, Wuestemann AK, Maass F, Bahr M, Grus F et al. (2019) Proteomic analysis of tear fluid reveals disease-specific patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease - a pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 63:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"19","key":"5252_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2214647","volume":"388","author":"M Schmitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmitz M, Silva Correia S, Hermann P, Maass F, Goebel S, Bunck T, Correia A, Lingor P et al. (2023) Detection of prion protein seeding activity in tear fluids. N Engl J Med 388(19):1816\u20131817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2214647","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201757","volume":"6","author":"P Wijesinghe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wijesinghe P, Xi J, Cui J, Campbell M, Pham W, Matsubara JA (2023) MicroRNAs in tear fluids predict underlying molecular changes associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Life Science Alliance 6(6):e202201757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26508\/lsa.202201757","journal-title":"Life Science Alliance"},{"key":"5252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3311","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Becker K, Donadio V, Siedlak S, Yuan J, Rezaee M, Incensi A, Kuzkina A et al. (2020) Skin \u03b1-synuclein aggregation seeding activity as a novel biomarker for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3311","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"5252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.912820","volume":"13","author":"G Lazzeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lazzeri G, Franco G, Difonzo T, Carandina A, Gramegna C, Vergari M, Arienti F, Naci A et al. (2022) Cognitive and autonomic dysfunction in multiple system atrophy type P and C: a comparative study. Front Neurol 13:912820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.912820","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11347-w","volume":"270","author":"F Baschieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baschieri F, Vitiello M, Cortelli P, Calandra-Buonaura G, Morgante F (2023) Autonomic dysfunction in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol 270(1):109\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11347-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28363-z","volume":"13","author":"M Gijs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gijs M, Arumugam S, Van De Sande N, Webers CAB, Sethu S, Ghosh A, Shetty R, Vehof J et al. (2023) Pre-analytical sample handling effects on tear fluid protein levels. Sci Rep 13(1):1317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28363-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"5252_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092920","volume":"9","author":"HW Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan HW, Yang B, Wong W, Blakeley P, Seah I, Tan QSW, Wang H, Bhargava M et al. (2020) A pilot study on microRNA profile in tear fluid to predict response to anti-VEGF treatments for diabetic macular edema. J Clin Med 9(9):2920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9092920","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5252_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040483","volume":"58","author":"A Bougea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bougea A (2022) MicroRNA as candidate biomarkers in atypical Parkinsonian syndromes: systematic literature review. Medicina 58(4):483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58040483","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"6","key":"5252_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062884","volume":"12","author":"P Ravishankar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ravishankar P, Daily A (2022) Tears as the next diagnostic biofluid: a comparative study between ocular fluid and blood. Appl Sci 12(6):2884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12062884","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"5252_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00144","volume":"12","author":"S Omais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omais S, Jaafar C, Ghanem N (2018) \u201cTill death do us part\u201d: a potential irreversible link between aberrant cell cycle control and neurodegeneration in the adult olfactory bulb. Front Neurosci 12:144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00144","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"5252_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.698661","volume":"9","author":"S Nandakumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nandakumar S, Rozich E, Buttitta L (2021) Cell cycle re-entry in the nervous system: from polyploidy to neurodegeneration. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 9:698661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.698661","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"14","key":"5252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022366","volume":"348","author":"RM Friedlander","year":"2003","unstructured":"Friedlander RM (2003) Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. N Engl J Med 348(14):1365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra022366","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.05.006","volume":"25","author":"A Sadlon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadlon A, Takousis P, Alexopoulos P, Evangelou E, Prokopenko I, Perneczky R (2019) miRNAs identify shared pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Trends Mol Med 25(8):662\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.05.006","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5252_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102973","volume":"19","author":"A Bohush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bohush A, Niewiadomska G, Filipek A (2018) Role of mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 19(10):2973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19102973","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5252_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2006.00036.x","volume":"16","author":"A Blesch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blesch A (2006) Neurotrophic factors in neurodegeneration. Brain Pathol 16(4):295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2006.00036.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5252_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30157-6","volume":"16","author":"AL Boxer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boxer AL, Yu J-T, Golbe LI, Litvan I, Lang AE, H\u00f6glinger GU (2017) Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. The Lancet Neurology 16(7):552\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30157-6","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"5252_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13545","volume":"22","author":"AM Calogero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calogero AM, Vigan\u00f2 M, Budelli S, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Cartelli D, Lazzari L, Lehenkari P et al. (2018) Microtubule defects in mesenchymal stromal cells distinguish patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. J Cell Mol Med 22(5):2670\u20132679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.13545","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"5252_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanthida K, Michael N, Christian B, Matthias D, R. LK, Armin G (2012) Effects of pooling samples on the performance of classification algorithms: a comparative study. Sci World J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/2012\/278352","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/278352"},{"key":"5252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schisterman E, Vexler A (2008) To pool or not to pool, from whether to when: applications of pooling to biospecimens subject to a limit of detection - PubMed. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 22 (5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00956.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00956.x"},{"key":"5252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H (2016) ggplot2. Use R!https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"5252_CR41","unstructured":"Kolde R (2025) pheatmap: pretty Heatmaps. R package version 1.0.13. https:\/\/github.com\/raivokolde\/pheatmap"},{"issue":"18","key":"5252_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","volume":"33","author":"JR Conway","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conway JR, Lex A, Gehlenborg N (2017) UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties. Bioinformatics 33(18):2938\u20132940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"D1","key":"5252_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1055","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab733","volume":"50","author":"I Kavakiotis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kavakiotis I, Alexiou A, Tastsoglou S, Vlachos IS, Hatzigeorgiou AG (2022) DIANA-miTED: a microRNA tissue expression database. Nucleic Acids Res 50(D1):D1055\u2013D1061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkab733","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"W1","key":"5252_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W154","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad431","volume":"51","author":"S Tastsoglou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tastsoglou S, Skoufos G, Miliotis M, Karagkouni D, Koutsoukos I, Karavangeli A, Kardaras FS, Hatzigeorgiou AG (2023) DIANA-miRPath v4.0: expanding target-based miRNA functional analysis in cell-type and tissue contexts. Nucleic Acids Res 51(W1):W154\u2013W159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad431","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5252_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021800","volume":"6","author":"F Supek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Supek F, Bo\u0161njak M, \u0160kunca N, \u0160muc T (2011) REVIGO summarizes and visualizes long lists of gene ontology terms. PLoS ONE 6(7):e21800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021800","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T13:12:14Z","timestamp":1761570734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05252-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6512717\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University Munich (approval numbers: 9\/15S, 2021\u2013473-S-KH).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}