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This study investigates the impact of TBC on cellular metabolism, membrane integrity or apoptosis-related caspase activity in mouse hippocampal cells, examining its interaction with key signaling pathways. Our results indicated that while TBC did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations substantially decreased metabolic activity and increased apoptotic marker activities (caspase-1, -3 and -9). Co-treatment with CAY10464 (AhR antagonist), GW9662 (PPAR\u03b3 antagonist) and honokiol (NF-\u03baB inhibitor) revealed that TBC significantly modulated NF-\u03baB signaling, with notable reductions in AhR and I\u03baB\u03b1 protein expressions and altered levels of mTOR, NF-\u03baB and p-I\u03baB\u03b1 proteins. Furthermore, TBC induced calcium release, supporting its role in neuroinflammatory responses. Moreover, TBC inhibited antioxidant enzyme activity and increased proinflammatory cytokine expression, implicating oxidative stress and inflammation in its neurotoxic effects. Antioxidants and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway inhibitors partially attenuated these responses, highlighting the role of oxidative stress pathways. These results suggest that prolonged TBC exposure may impair neuronal metabolism and activate apoptotic pathways, with NF-\u03baB playing a pivotal role in mediating its neurotoxic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05301-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T02:18:05Z","timestamp":1763518685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate-Induced Inflammation in Hippocampal Neurons In Vitro: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Neurodegenerative Disease Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"Szlachcikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Kosz\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"So\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tab\u0119cka-\u0141onczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100","volume":"88","author":"N Ali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali N, Dirtu AC, Van den Eede N et al (2012) Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment. 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