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Brain aging is a complex physiological process characterized by features such as enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired autophagy. Currently, effective preventative or therapeutic approaches for age-related neurodegenerative disorders remain elusive. Ectoine, a naturally occurring compatible solute, possesses diverse applications in biological engineering, cosmetics, medicine, and the food industry. Ectoine is reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, making it a potential anti-aging agent. Consequently, the present study investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of Ectoine against\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    -galactose (D-gal)-induced brain aging. Accelerated aging was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-gal. Rats were subsequently divided into a control group, an aged group, and Ectoine-supplemented groups, receiving daily doses of 10, 20, and 40\u00a0mg\/kg, respectively. Our findings revealed that Ectoine effectively and dose-dependently protected against D-gal-induced brain aging by inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing the antioxidant system, decreasing neuroinflammation, restoring autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis, and inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, Ectoine significantly restored the expression of miR-124 and its target genes; however, this effect is correlative and warrants further mechanistic validation. Additionally, while Ectoine\u2019s neuroprotective effects were observed at the tissue level, its cell-type specificity remains to be determined. These findings suggest that Ectoine may exert multi-pathway neuroprotective effects in brain aging. However, the current data are exploratory and warrant further validation to define causality and translational applicability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05451-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T04:18:57Z","timestamp":1765167537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Potential of Ectoine as a Brain Anti-Aging Agent in Rat Model of d-Galactose-Accelerated Aging May Be Mediated Through Crosstalk Between Redox\/Mitochondrial Homeostasis\/Autophagic\/Apoptotic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Aisha H. 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