{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:59:11Z","timestamp":1793393951373,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T13:56:19Z","timestamp":1766238979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Neuroprotective Role of the Sulfonamide Derivative KM11 in Ethidium Bromide-induced Demyelination in Zebrafish Model Through Modulation of Antioxidant and Inflammatory Cytokine Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magesh","family":"Santhanakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Madesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasannakumar","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Palaniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader O.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhlid H.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Obaid M.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Madkhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikandan","family":"Palanisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathiravan Muthu","family":"Kumaradoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesu","family":"Arockiaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","volume":"26","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G (2019) Multiple sclerosis \u2013 a review. Eur J Neurol 26:27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13819","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"5625_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.865866","volume":"13","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ascherio A (2013) Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 13:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2013.865866","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"5625_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105804","volume":"90","author":"NN Balasooriya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balasooriya NN, Elliott TM, Neale RE et al (2024) The association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 90:105804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105804","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"5625_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0086-4","volume":"7","author":"MB Sintzel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sintzel MB, Rametta M, Reder AT (2018) Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review. Neurol Ther 7:59\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-017-0086-4","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"5625_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","volume":"603","author":"TV Lanz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lanz TV, Brewer RC, Ho PP et al (2022) Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM. Nature 603:321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5625_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ni835","volume":"3","author":"HLE Lang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lang HLE, Jacobsen H, Ikemizu S et al (2002) A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol 3:940\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni835","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"5625_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.10.002","volume":"267","author":"C Potagas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Potagas C, Giogkaraki E, Koutsis G et al (2008) Cognitive impairment in different MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol Sci 267:100\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2007.10.002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5625_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13215","volume":"289","author":"F Piehl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piehl F (2021) Current and emerging disease-modulatory therapies and treatment targets for multiple sclerosis. J Intern Med 289:771\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13215","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"5625_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32346-2","volume":"390","author":"AJ Green","year":"2017","unstructured":"Green AJ, Gelfand JM, Cree BA et al (2017) Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet 390:2481\u20132489","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5625_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12647","volume":"502","author":"VA Deshmukh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA et al (2013) A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nature 502:327\u2013332","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5625_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14335","volume":"522","author":"FJ Najm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Najm FJ, Madhavan M, Zaremba A et al (2015) Drug-based modulation of endogenous stem cells promotes functional remyelination in vivo. Nature 522:216\u2013220","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5625_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424951112","volume":"112","author":"D Meffre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meffre D, Shackleford G, Hichor M et al (2015) Liver X receptors alpha and beta promote myelination and remyelination in the cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:7587\u20137592","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"5625_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42239-2","volume":"13","author":"AM Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman AM, Ghorab WM, Lotfy DM et al (2023) Novel iodoquinazolinones bearing sulfonamide moiety as potential antioxidants and neuroprotectors. Sci Rep 13:15546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-42239-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5625_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6033","author":"M Danish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danish M, Raza MA, Khalid H et al (2021) New metal complexes of sulfonamide: synthesis, characterization, in\u2010vitro anticancer, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies. Appl Organomet Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aoc.6033","journal-title":"Appl Organomet Chem"},{"key":"5625_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.11002","volume":"23","author":"S Pokharel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pokharel S, Gliyazova N, Dandepally S et al (2021) Neuroprotective effects of an in vitro BBB permeable phenoxythiophene sulfonamide small molecule in glutamate-induced oxidative injury. Exp Ther Med 23:79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2021.11002","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"5625_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000100014","volume":"35","author":"G Riet-Correa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riet-Correa G, Fernandes CG, Pereira LAV, Gra\u00e7a DL (2002) Ethidium bromide-induced demyelination of the sciatic nerve of adult Wistar rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 35:99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000100014","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"5625_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00122","volume":"5","author":"T Nacarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nacarelli T, Azar A, Sell C (2014) Inhibition of mTOR prevents ROS production initiated by ethidium bromide-induced mitochondrial DNA depletion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 5:122","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"5625_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190456","volume":"12","author":"EB Warren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warren EB, Aicher AE, Fessel JP, Konradi C (2017) Mitochondrial DNA depletion by ethidium bromide decreases neuronal mitochondrial creatine kinase: implications for striatal energy metabolism. PLoS ONE 12:e0190456","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5625_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14955","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08962","volume":"9","author":"R Bilginer Kartal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bilginer Kartal R, Arslan Yildiz A (2024) Exploring neuronal differentiation profiles in SH-SY5Y cells through magnetic levitation analysis. ACS Omega 9:14955\u201314962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c08962","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"5625_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-025-10221-6","volume":"20","author":"K Ramamurthy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramamurthy K, Nayak SPRR, Madesh S et al (2025) Efficacy of 6-nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2 amine derivative (N3) in mitigating PTZ-induced epileptic conditions via modulation of inflammatory and neuroprotective pathways in-vivo zebrafish. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 20:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10221-6","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"5625_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(65)80096-1","volume":"13","author":"MJ Waring","year":"1965","unstructured":"Waring MJ (1965) Complex formation between ethidium bromide and nucleic acids. J Mol Biol 13:269\u2013282","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"5625_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1050989","volume":"79","author":"Z Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou Z, Imam MU, Ismail M et al (2015) Lactoferrin and ovotransferrin contribute toward antioxidative effects of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 79:1570\u20131578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09168451.2015.1050989","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"5625_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avdesh A, Chen M, Martin-Iverson MT et al (2012) Regular care and maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) laboratory: an introduction. J Vis Exp 69:e4196.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/4196","DOI":"10.3791\/4196"},{"key":"5625_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116601","volume":"230","author":"S Madesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madesh S, Sudhakaran G, Ramamurthy K et al (2024) Protective role of 2-aminothiazole derivative against ethanol-induced teratogenic effects in-vivo zebrafish. Biochem Pharmacol 230:116601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116601","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"5625_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2019.106585","volume":"98","author":"X-Y Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu X-Y, Guo S-Y, Xia B et al (2019) Development of zebrafish demyelination model for evaluation of remyelination compounds and ROR\u03b3t inhibitors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 98:106585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vascn.2019.106585","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"5625_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112385","volume":"220","author":"W Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan W, Xu Z, Wei Y et al (2021) Effects of sulfometuron-methyl on zebrafish at early developmental stages. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 220:112385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112385","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"5625_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01297","volume":"84","author":"GD Bosse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bosse GD, Urcino C, Watkins M et al (2021) Discovery of a potent conorfamide from Conus episcopatus using a novel zebrafish larvae assay. J Nat Prod 84:1232\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c01297","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"5625_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00029-7","volume":"45","author":"TC Diamantino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diamantino TC, Almeida E, Soares AMVM, Guilhermino L (2001) Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna straus. Chemosphere 45:553\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00029-7","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"5625_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hanning N, Man J, Winter B (2023) Measuring Myeloperoxidase Activity as a Marker of Inflammation in Gut Tissue Samples of Mice and Rat. Bio-Protocol 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/BioProtoc.4758","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4758"},{"key":"5625_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.5.1543","volume":"169","author":"DJ Stuehr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stuehr DJ, Nathan CF (1989) Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells. J Exp Med 169:1543\u20131555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.169.5.1543","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"5625_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.02.004","volume":"158","author":"K Ramamurthy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramamurthy K, Dharshan SS, Ashok K et al (2025) Auramine O, food dye induces cognitive impairment, anxiety, alters synaptic transmission and neural growth in zebrafish model. J Environ Sci (China) 158:24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2025.02.004","journal-title":"J Environ Sci (China)"},{"key":"5625_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2666","author":"SS Dharshan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dharshan SS, Ramamurthy K, Kaliraj S et al (2024) Combined effects of vitamin D3 and dioxopiperidinamide derivative on lipid homeostasis, inflammatory pathways, and redox imbalance in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease in vivo zebrafish model. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bab.2666","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"5625_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haridevamuthu B, Bharti AK, Nayak SPR et al (2024) Hydroxyl chalcone derivative DK02 as a multi-target-directed ligand for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a preclinical study in zebrafish. Br J Pharmacol 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.17426","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17426"},{"key":"5625_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.5A6704.2005","volume":"53","author":"Z Xiang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xiang Z, Nesterov EE, Skoch J et al (2005) Detection of myelination using a novel histological probe. J Histochem Cytochem 53:1511\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/jhc.5A6704.2005","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"5625_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcms.2023.03.002","volume":"10","author":"S Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng S, Zhang C, Cai Q et al (2023) Exploring the mechanism of Yishen Daluo decoction in the treatment of multiple sclerosis based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences 10:186\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2023.03.002","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences"},{"key":"5625_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.insi.2025.100021","volume":"1","author":"FR da Silva Mendes","year":"2025","unstructured":"da Silva Mendes FR, de Sousa DS, da Rocha MN et al (2025) Aryl thiophenyl-sulfonamides as potential therapeutics for multiple sclerosis: PAMPA-based pharmacokinetic predictions and multiligand screening against S1PR3. In Silico Research in Biomedicine 1:100021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.insi.2025.100021","journal-title":"In Silico Research in Biomedicine"},{"key":"5625_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00124","volume":"8","author":"C Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo C, Fulp JW, Jiang Y et al (2017) Development and characterization of a hydroxyl-sulfonamide analogue, 5-chloro- N -[2-(4-hydroxysulfamoyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-methoxy-benzamide, as a novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor for potential treatment of multiple sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 8:2194\u20132201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00124","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"5625_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-022-00132-6","volume":"38","author":"E-M Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung E-M, Yoo Y-M, Lee J-H, Jeung E-B (2022) Cytotoxicity evaluation and mechanism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals by the embryoid body test. Toxicol Res 38:469\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43188-022-00132-6","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"5625_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69995-9","volume":"10","author":"I Greco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greco I, Molchanova N, Holmedal E et al (2020) Correlation between hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and systemic in vivo toxicity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides. Sci Rep 10:13206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-69995-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5625_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209509088150","volume":"33","author":"OO Oyedapo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Oyedapo OO, Famurewa AJ (1995) Antiprotease and membrane stabilizing activities of extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides, Olax subscorpioides and Tetrapleura tetraptera. Int J Pharmacogn 33:65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880209509088150","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacogn"},{"key":"5625_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09254","volume":"8","author":"L Karrat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karrat L, Abajy MY, Nayal R (2022) Investigating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of leaves ethanolic extracts of Cedrus libani and Pinus brutia. Heliyon 8:e09254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09254","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5625_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530601093489","volume":"39","author":"NJ Hewitt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hewitt NJ, G\u00f3mez Lech\u00f3n MJ, Houston JB et al (2007) Primary hepatocytes: current understanding of the regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins, and pharmaceutical practice for the use of hepatocytes in metabolism, enzyme induction, transporter, clearance, and hepatotoxicity studies. Drug Metab Rev 39:159\u2013234","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"5625_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528935","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2528935","volume":"2016","author":"N Ismail","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ismail N, Ismail M, Azmi NH et al (2016) Modulation of hydrogen peroxide\u2010induced oxidative stress in human neuronal cells by thymoquinone\u2010rich fraction and thymoquinone via transcriptomic regulation of antioxidant and apoptotic signaling genes. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:2528935","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"5625_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738418785739","volume":"32","author":"C-M Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C-M, Yang C-Q, Cheng B-H et al (2018) Orexin-A protects SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage via the PI3K\/MEK1\/2\/ERK1\/2 signaling pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 32:2058738418785739","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"5625_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2016.21.1.13","volume":"21","author":"C-H Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong C-H, Joo SH (2016) Downregulation of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis. J Cancer Prev 21:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15430\/JCP.2016.21.1.13","journal-title":"J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"5625_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22074\/cellj.2016.4867","volume":"19","author":"N Ghasemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E (2017) Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy. Cell J 19:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/cellj.2016.4867","journal-title":"Cell J"},{"key":"5625_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","volume":"277","author":"K Ohl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohl K, Tenbrock K, Kipp M (2016) Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: central and peripheral mode of action. Exp Neurol 277:58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"5625_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.011","volume":"1812","author":"J van Horssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE (2011) Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1812:141\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.011","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease"},{"key":"5625_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147584","volume":"23","author":"PGE Kennedy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kennedy PGE, George W, Yu X (2022) The possible role of neural cell apoptosis in multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 23:7584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23147584","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5625_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.004","volume":"23","author":"E Sloane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sloane E, Ledeboer A, Seibert W et al (2009) Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene therapy decreases sensory and motor dysfunction in experimental multiple sclerosis: MOG-EAE behavioral and anatomical symptom treatment with cytokine gene therapy. Brain Behav Immun 23:92\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.004","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"5625_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00765-0","volume":"41","author":"F Ruiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz F, Vigne S, Pot C (2019) Resolution of inflammation during multiple sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 41:711\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-019-00765-0","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"5625_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1608-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"S Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone S, Jamison S, Yue Y et al (2017) NF-\u03baB activation protects oligodendrocytes against inflammation. J Neurosci 37:9332\u20139344","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"5625_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907962116","volume":"116","author":"DG Suzuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suzuki DG, P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez J, Wibble T et al (2019) The role of the optic tectum for visually evoked orienting and evasive movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116:15272\u201315281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1907962116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"5625_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.06.002","volume":"79","author":"M Kinoshita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, Ito E (2006) Roles of periventricular neurons in retinotectal transmission in the optic tectum. Prog Neurobiol 79:112\u2013121","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"5625_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100051","volume":"1","author":"N Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma N, Upadhayay S, Shandilya A et al (2021) Neuroprotection by solanesol against ethidium bromide-induced multiple sclerosis-like neurobehavioral, molecular, and neurochemical alterations in experimental rats. Phytomedicine Plus 1:100051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100051","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Plus"},{"key":"5625_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312634","volume":"22","author":"MJD Huitema","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huitema MJD, Strijbis EMM, Luchicchi A et al (2021) Myelin quantification in white matter pathology of progressive multiple sclerosis post-mortem brain samples: a new approach for quantifying remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 22:12634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222312634","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5625_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.05.011","volume":"669","author":"E Butturini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butturini E, Boriero D, Carcereri de Prati A, Mariotto S (2019) STAT1 drives M1 microglia activation and neuroinflammation under hypoxia. Arch Biochem Biophys 669:22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2019.05.011","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"5625_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105917","volume":"182","author":"X Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang X, Hu Y, Li X et al (2025) Role of PI3K\u03b3 in the polarization, migration, and phagocytosis of microglia. Neurochem Int 182:105917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105917","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"5625_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2330642","volume":"46","author":"M Aliyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aliyu M, Zohora FT, Ceylan A et al (2024) Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 46:355\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08923973.2024.2330642","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"5625_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23862","volume":"9","author":"S Mammana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mammana S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E et al (2018) Preclinical evaluation of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Oncotarget 9:8263\u20138277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.23862","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"5625_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0012","volume":"34","author":"EN Benveniste","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benveniste EN, Liu Y, McFarland BC, Qin H (2014) Involvement of the Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 34:577\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2014.0012","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T13:56:21Z","timestamp":1766238981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-025-05625-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Participation"}},{"value":"All authors gave consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"During the writing of this manuscript, the authors used QuillBot and Grammarly to improve its readability and grammar. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the publication of the content.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Writing Process"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trail"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"317"}}