{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:17:34Z","timestamp":1783351054997,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401233 and 82302618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401233 and 82302618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ24H120003 and MS25H200031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ24H120003 and MS25H200031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2024ZL017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZL017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:15:14Z","timestamp":1772637314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Heteroplasmic MT-CO2 m.8024G\u2009&gt;\u2009A Variant Is Associated with Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Deficiency and Optic Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunhui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruowei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1625-2","volume":"132","author":"P Yu-Wai-Man","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu-Wai-Man P et al (2016) A neurodegenerative perspective on mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Acta Neuropathol 132(6):789\u2013806","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170114","volume":"62","author":"M Hirano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirano M, Emmanuele V, Quinzii CM (2018) Emerging therapies for mitochondrial diseases. Essays Biochem 62(3):467\u2013481","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.2.81","volume":"32","author":"P Riordan-Eva","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riordan-Eva P, Harding AE (1995) Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy: the clinical relevance of different mitochondrial DNA mutations. J Med Genet 32(2):81\u201387","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"5774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad131","volume":"146","author":"G Lenaers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lenaers G et al (2023) Autosomal recessive Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, a new neuro-ophthalmo-genetic paradigm. Brain 146(8):3156\u20133161","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"5774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102000","author":"G Balt\u0103","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balt\u0103 G et al (2023) Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): clinical experience and outcomes after long-term idebenone treatment. Life. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13102000","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"10","key":"5774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2021-108235","volume":"59","author":"S Kieninger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kieninger S et al (2022) DNAJC30 disease-causing gene variants in a large Central European cohort of patients with suspected Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy and optic atrophy. J Med Genet 59(10):1027\u20131034","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"5774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac052","volume":"145","author":"SL Stenton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stenton SL et al (2022) DNAJC30 defect: a frequent cause of recessive Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Leigh syndrome. Brain 145(5):1624\u20131631","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000428","volume":"6","author":"M Charif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charif M et al (2020) Mutations in the m-AAA proteases AFG3L2 and SPG7 are causing isolated dominant optic atrophy. Neurol Genet 6(3):e428","journal-title":"Neurol Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128513","volume":"130","author":"C Piro-M\u00e9gy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piro-M\u00e9gy C et al (2020) Dominant mutations in mtDNA maintenance gene SSBP1 cause optic atrophy and foveopathy. J Clin Invest 130(1):143\u2013156","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"5774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr323","volume":"135","author":"C Rouzier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rouzier C et al (2012) The MFN2 gene is responsible for mitochondrial DNA instability and optic atrophy \u2018plus\u2019 phenotype. Brain 135(Pt 1):23\u201334","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166856","volume":"1870","author":"S Courtois","year":"2024","unstructured":"Courtois S et al (2024) Mutation on MT-CO2 gene induces mitochondrial disease associated with neurodegeneration and intracerebral iron accumulation (NBIA). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1870(1):166856","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)"},{"key":"5774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2020.10.004","volume":"58","author":"B Kadenbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadenbach B (2021) Complex IV - the regulatory center of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrion 58:296\u2013302","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4809","volume":"241","author":"CL Alston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alston CL et al (2017) The genetics and pathology of mitochondrial disease. J Pathol 241(2):236\u2013250","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010722)102:1<95::AID-AJMG1412>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"102","author":"LJ Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong LJ et al (2001) Severe lactic acidosis caused by a novel frame-shift mutation in mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. Am J Med Genet 102(1):95\u201399","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"5774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2005.09.005","volume":"15","author":"R Horv\u00e1th","year":"2005","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th R et al (2005) Mutations in mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit genes causing isolated myopathy or severe encephalomyopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 15(12):851\u2013857","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.052076","volume":"45","author":"W Rossmanith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rossmanith W et al (2008) Isolated cytochrome c oxidase deficiency as a cause of MELAS. J Med Genet 45(2):117\u2013121","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-005-0340-y","volume":"51","author":"SI Zhadanov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhadanov SI et al (2006) De novo COX2 mutation in a LHON family of Caucasian origin: implication for the role of mtDNA polymorphism in human pathology. J Hum Genet 51(3):161\u2013170","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"5774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0295","volume":"47","author":"KK Abu-Amero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abu-Amero KK, Bosley TM (2006) Mitochondrial abnormalities in patients with LHON-like optic neuropathies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(10):4211\u20134220","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31970-5","volume":"13","author":"K Qiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiu K et al (2022) Light-activated mitochondrial fission through optogenetic control of mitochondria-lysosome contacts. Nat Commun 13(1):4303","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"5774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167043","volume":"1870","author":"H Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan H et al (2024) MT-TN mutations lead to progressive mitochondrial encephalopathy and promotes mitophagy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1870(4):167043","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.002","volume":"32","author":"X Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng X et al (2020) Targeting DGAT1 ameliorates glioblastoma by increasing fat catabolism and oxidative stress. Cell Metab 32(2):229-242.e8","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfaa002","volume":"69","author":"S Hata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hata S et al (2020) Electron tomography imaging methods with diffraction contrast for materials research. Microscopy (Oxf) 69(3):141\u2013155","journal-title":"Microscopy (Oxf)"},{"issue":"12","key":"5774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24107","volume":"41","author":"EM McCormick","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCormick EM et al (2020) Specifications of the ACMG\/AMP standards and guidelines for mitochondrial DNA variant interpretation. Hum Mutat 41(12):2028\u20132057","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0286-0","volume":"27","author":"S Roos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roos S et al (2019) Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency caused by a novel frameshift variant in MT-CO2 associated with myopathy and perturbed acylcarnitine profile. Eur J Hum Genet 27(2):331\u2013335","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"5774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74754-7","volume":"85","author":"CM O\u2019Reilly","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly CM et al (2003) Quantitative analysis of spontaneous mitochondrial depolarizations. Biophys J 85(5):3350\u20133357","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"11","key":"5774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.05.014","volume":"31","author":"K Baty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baty K et al (2021) A novel MT-CO2 variant causing cerebellar ataxia and neuropathy: the role of muscle biopsy in diagnosis and defining pathogenicity. Neuromuscul Disord 31(11):1186\u20131193","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1141","volume":"50","author":"Y Campos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campos Y et al (2001) Early-onset multisystem mitochondrial disorder caused by a nonsense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase II gene. Ann Neurol 50(3):409\u2013413","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mkaouar-Rebai E et al (2014) A novel MT-CO2 m.8249G>A pathogenic variation and the MT-TW m.5521G>A mutation in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Mitochondrial DNA 25(5):394\u20139","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2013.803086"},{"key":"5774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabebi M et al (2017) Whole mitochondrial genome screening of a family with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) associated with retinopathy: a putative haplotype associated to MIDD and a novel MT-CO2 m.8241T>G mutation. J Diabetes Complications 31(1):253\u2013259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.06.028"},{"issue":"4","key":"5774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22023","volume":"33","author":"N Guti\u00e9rrez Cort\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez Cort\u00e9s N et al (2012) Novel mitochondrial DNA mutations responsible for maternally inherited nonsyndromic hearing loss. Hum Mutat 33(4):681\u2013689","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"10","key":"5774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.66","volume":"26","author":"T Venesio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venesio T et al (2013) Oxidative DNA damage drives carcinogenesis in MUTYH-associated-polyposis by specific mutations of mitochondrial and MAPK genes. Mod Pathol 26(10):1371\u20131381","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2001.0970","volume":"17","author":"S Di Giovanni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Di Giovanni S et al (2001) Apoptosis and ROS detoxification enzymes correlate with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Mol Cell Neurosci 17(4):696\u2013705","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17821-1","volume":"11","author":"M Zaninello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaninello M et al (2020) Inhibition of autophagy curtails visual loss in a model of autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Nat Commun 11(1):4029","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00103","volume":"6","author":"A Diot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diot A et al (2018) Validating the RedMIT\/GFP-LC3 mouse model by studying mitophagy in autosomal dominant optic atrophy due to the OPA1Q285STOP mutation. Front Cell Dev Biol 6:103","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR35","first-page":"378","volume":"51","author":"MD Brown","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brown MD et al (1992) A mitochondrial DNA variant, identified in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients, which extends the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. Am J Hum Genet 51(2):378\u2013385","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"5774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1086\/346066","volume":"72","author":"P Yu-Wai-Man","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yu-Wai-Man P et al (2003) The epidemiology of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in the North East of England. Am J Hum Genet 72(2):333\u2013339","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"5774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584748","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1584748","volume":"16","author":"S Srilekha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Srilekha S et al (2025) Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing in individuals with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy negative for the common pathogenic mitochondrial DNA variants. Front Neurol 16:1584748","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5774_CR38","first-page":"2561","volume":"33","author":"MY Yen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yen MY et al (1992) Mitochondrial DNA mutation in Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33(8):2561\u20132566","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5774_CR39","first-page":"259","volume":"35","author":"Y Isashiki","year":"1991","unstructured":"Isashiki Y, Nakagawa M (1991) Clinical correlation of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy and Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 35(3):259\u2013267","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5774_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01246-y","volume":"22","author":"BS Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen BS, Yu-Wai-Man P, Newman NJ (2022) Developments in the treatment of leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 22(12):881\u2013892","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"5774_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12152013","author":"H Shamsnajafabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamsnajafabadi H, MacLaren RE, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J (2023) Current and future landscape in genetic therapies for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12152013","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"5774_CR42","first-page":"5","volume":"116","author":"PK Rai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rai PK et al (2015) Potential compounds for the treatment of mitochondrial disease. Br Med Bull 116:5\u201318","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"5774_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0601-7","volume":"8","author":"M Melcher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Melcher M et al (2017) Modulation of oxidative phosphorylation and redox homeostasis in mitochondrial NDUFS4 deficiency via mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 8(1):150","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"5774_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310725","author":"MS Lancaster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lancaster MS, Graham BH (2023) Succinyl-CoA synthetase dysfunction as a mechanism of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: more than just an oxidative energy deficit. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241310725","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5774_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215517.116","volume":"27","author":"A Abyzov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abyzov A et al (2017) One thousand somatic SNVs per skin fibroblast cell set baseline of mosaic mutational load with patterns that suggest proliferative origin. Genome Res 27(4):512\u2013523","journal-title":"Genome Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:15:17Z","timestamp":1772637317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05774-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (Approval No. 202310892).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the parents.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of all images.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"485"}}