{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T03:59:56Z","timestamp":1774497596631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002352","name":"Ain Shams University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a complex genetic risk. The\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encodes\n                    <jats:italic>P-glycoprotein<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a blood-brain barrier efflux transporter involved in\n                    <jats:italic>amyloid-\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>A\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) clearance. Variants in\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) may influence AD susceptibility and severity, but data from Middle Eastern populations remain limited. The objective of the study is to investigate the\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) polymorphism with AD susceptibility, dementia severity, and cognitive impairment in an Egyptian cohort. A case\u2013control study was conducted on 300 subjects, including 150 cognitively healthy controls and 150 clinically diagnosed AD patients. Genotyping for\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between genotype distribution and AD risk, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) categories were analyzed. Logistic regression and Fisher\u2019s exact tests were applied to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The CC genotype was significantly more frequent among controls (64.8%) compared with AD patients (35.2%), whereas the TT genotype predominated in AD (70.5% vs 29.5%). CC carriers were enriched in mild dementia and higher MMSE categories, while TT carriers dominated in severe dementia and lower MMSE groups. Logistic regression confirmed that TT carriers had a 4.4-fold increased risk of AD compared with CC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and a 13.3-fold higher likelihood of scoring\u2009&lt;\u200920 on MMSE (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) variant significantly influences AD susceptibility and cognitive decline in Egyptians, with TT conferring risk and CC exerting a protective effect. Genotyping may aid risk stratification and monitoring of disease progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Association of\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) variant with AD severity and neuropsychological symptoms. The\n                    <jats:italic>ABCB1 3435C&gt;T<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs1045642) variant was associated with increased AD severity and more pronounced neuropsychological symptoms among Egyptian patients, suggesting a potential genetic influence on disease progression and symptom manifestation\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:35:17Z","timestamp":1774492517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Impact of ABCB1 3435C&gt;T (rs1045642) Variant on Severity and Cognitive Decline in Egyptian Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yasmeen K.","family":"Farouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahla Elsayed","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azza M.","family":"El Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neveen Adel","family":"Madbouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6646-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashwa","family":"El-Khazragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22378-z","volume":"25","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu W, Deng W, Gong X, Ou J, Yu S, Chen S (2025) Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in adults aged 65 years and over, and health inequality related to SDI, 1990\u20132021: analysis of data from GBD 2021. BMC Public Health 25(1):1256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22378-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5789_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585711","volume":"13","author":"Z Xiaopeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiaopeng Z, Jing Y, Xia L, Xingsheng W, Juan D, Yan L, Baoshan L (2025) Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in adults aged 65 years and older, 1991\u20132021: population-based study. Front Public Health 13:1585711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585711","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"5789_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000041836","volume":"104","author":"S Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong S, Xiao C, Li R, Lan Y, Gong C, Feng C, Qi H, Lin Y, et al. (2025) The global, regional, and national burdens of dementia in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Medicine Baltimore 104(11):e41836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000041836","journal-title":"Medicine Baltimore"},{"issue":"11","key":"5789_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60111783","volume":"60","author":"I Ilic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ilic I, Jakovljevic V, Zivanovic Macuzic I, Ravic-Nikolic A, Ilic M, Sorak M, Milicic V (2024) Trends in global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, 1990\u20132021. Medicina Kaunas 60(11):1783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60111783","journal-title":"Medicina Kaunas"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02967-z","volume":"37","author":"R Magdy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Magdy R, Hussein M, Elsebaie EH, Ismaeel AY, Sabek EM, Osama W, Heneidy S, Abdelmonem AA, et al. (2025) Public knowledge about Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Egypt: a cross-sectional survey. Aging Clin Exp Res 37(1):163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-025-02967-z","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251360221","volume":"107","author":"M Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin M, Ding S, Zhao M, Liu J, Su W, Fu M, Wu M, Ma C, et al. (2025) The global, regional, and national burden and attributable risk factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. J Alzheimers Dis 107(1):13872877251360221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251360221","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00864-2","volume":"60","author":"AA Ashour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashour AA, Sabry NA, Ashour ADE, Kassem HN, Alwerdani MM, Nofal MA, Mohamed NA, Abdalgeleel SA, et al. (2024) Dementia awareness in Egypt: what do people really know? The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 60(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41983-024-00864-2","journal-title":"The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07258-9","volume":"25","author":"AA Samir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samir AA, Hageen AW, Elbarbary K, Elamir AH, Abdel-Fattah MA, Alameldin MM, Al-Qahtani FS, Ghazy RM (2025) Assessing Alzheimer\u2019s disease knowledge among Egyptian medical students in the context of recent educational reforms. BMC Med Educ 25(1):654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07258-9","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"5789_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.04.016","volume":"30","author":"S Argyriou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Argyriou S, Fullard JF, Krivinko JM, Lee D, Wingo TS, Wingo AP, Sweet RA, Roussos P (2024) Beyond memory impairment: the complex phenotypic landscape of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Trends Mol Med 30(8):713\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.04.016","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5789_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14568","volume":"21","author":"AN De Vito","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Vito AN, Kunicki ZJ, Joyce HE, Huey ED, Jones RN (2025) Parallel changes in cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and amyloid in cognitively unimpaired older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 21(2):e14568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.14568","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"13","key":"5789_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1276","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012598","volume":"97","author":"WS Eikelboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eikelboom WS, van den Berg E, Singleton EH, Baart SJ, Coesmans M, Leeuwis AE, Teunissen CE, van Berckel BNM, et al. (2021) Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms across the Alzheimer disease clinical spectrum: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Neurology 97(13):e1276\u2013e1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012598","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5789_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.015","volume":"72","author":"M Zv\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zv\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1 M (2019) Clinical aspects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clin Biochem 72:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.015","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"5789_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1487875","volume":"16","author":"NK Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang NK, Zhang SK, Zhang LI, Tao HW, Zhang GW (2024) The neural basis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1487875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1487875","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5789_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777774","volume":"81","author":"AL Teixeira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teixeira AL, Rocha NP, Gatchel J (2023) Behavioral or neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from psychopathology to pharmacological management. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 81(12):1152\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1777774","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610218000534","volume":"31","author":"HC Kales","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kales HC, Lyketsos CG, Miller EM, Ballard C (2019) Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an international Delphi consensus. Int Psychogeriatr 31(1):83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1041610218000534","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"5789_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110645","volume":"154","author":"MR Goldstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldstein MR, Cheslock M (2021) On the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: control the promoters and look beyond the brain. Med Hypotheses 154:110645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110645","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"5789_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108352","volume":"190","author":"G Marucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marucci G, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Amenta F (2021) Efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology 190:108352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108352","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"5789_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.047","volume":"367","author":"B Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh B, Day CM, Abdella S, Garg S (2024) Alzheimer\u2019s disease current therapies, novel drug delivery systems and future directions for better disease management. J Control Release 367:402\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.047","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"15","key":"5789_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154839","volume":"27","author":"NA Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan NA, Alshamari AK, Hassan AA, Elharrif MG, Alhajri AM, Sattam M, Khattab RR (2022) Advances on therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from medicinal plant to nanotechnology. Molecules 27(15):4839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27154839","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01201-2","volume":"19","author":"TE Golde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golde TE (2022) Disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: more questions than answers. Neurotherapeutics 19(1):209\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-022-01201-2","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13681","volume":"78","author":"T Iwatsubo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwatsubo T (2024) Development of disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 78(9):491\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.13681","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00274-0","volume":"22","author":"CRS Belder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belder CRS, Schott JM, Fox NC (2023) Preparing for disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 22(9):782\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00274-0","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091479","volume":"10","author":"E Tamagno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamagno E, Guglielmotto M, Vasciaveo V, Tabaton M (2021) Oxidative stress and beta amyloid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Which comes first: the chicken or the egg? Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 10(9):1479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10091479","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.57078","volume":"17","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wei W, Zhao M, Ma L, Jiang X, Pei H, Cao Y, Li H (2021) Interaction between A\u03b2 and tau in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Biol Sci 17(9):2181\u20132192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.57078","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02699-w","volume":"30","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Wu Z, Si X, Li J, Wu G, Wang M (2025) The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and future strategies for targeted therapy. Eur J Med Res 30(1):434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-025-02699-w","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5789_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112167","volume":"11","author":"MC Jurc\u0103u","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jurc\u0103u MC, Andronie-Cioara FL, Jurc\u0103u A, Marcu F, \u0162i\u021b DM, Pa\u0219cal\u0103u N, Nistor-Cseppent\u00f6 DC (2022) The link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: therapeutic implications and future perspectives. Antioxidants 11(11):2167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11112167","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"5789_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5371","author":"P Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin P, Sun Y, Li L (2024) Mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5371","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5789_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110540","volume":"45","author":"G Galizzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galizzi G, Di Carlo M (2023) Mitochondrial DNA and inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 45(11):8586\u20138606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb45110540","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"5789_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112620","volume":"198","author":"ML Raza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raza ML, Bhojani A, Batool SK, Zehra D (2024) Non pharmacoligical approaches for neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review. Exp Gerontol 198:112620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112620","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Chen L (2024) Recent advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"5789_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122816","volume":"12","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Ant\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ant\u00f3n R (2024) Recent advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease research: from biomarkers to therapeutic frontiers. Biomedicines 12(12):2816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12122816","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"7","key":"5789_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70309","volume":"21","author":"N Falg\u00e0s","year":"2025","unstructured":"Falg\u00e0s N, Maure-Blesa L, Ances B, Flores-Aguilar L, Hartley S, Hassenstab J, Iulita MF, Janicki M, et al. (2025) Genetically determined Alzheimer\u2019s disease research advances: the Down syndrome & autosomal dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease 2024 conference. Alzheimer\u2019s & dementia 21(7):e70309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.70309","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & dementia"},{"issue":"16","key":"5789_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167819","volume":"26","author":"M Stancheva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stancheva M, Toncheva D, Karachanak-Yankova S (2025) Recent advances and future directions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease genetic research. Int J Mol Sci 26(16):7819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26167819","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-022-01050-z","volume":"68","author":"A Miyashita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miyashita A, Kikuchi M, Hara N, Ikeuchi T (2023) Genetics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an East Asian perspective. J Hum Genet 68(3):115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s10038-022-01050-z","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"5789_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13796","volume":"20","author":"S Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee S, Hecker J, Hahn G, Mullin K, Initiative AsDN, Lutz SM, Tanzi RE, Lange C, et al. (2024) On the effect heterogeneity of established disease susceptibility loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease across different genetic ancestries. Alzheimers Dement 20(5):3397\u20133405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13796","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"10","key":"5789_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.1443","volume":"8","author":"Q Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin Q, Yin Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Tang Y, Jia J (2020) Gene mutations associated with early onset familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease in China: an overview and current status. Mol Genet Genomic Med 8(10):e1443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mgg3.1443","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomic Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16030345","volume":"16","author":"P Poniah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poniah P, Abdul Rashed A, Abdul Jalil J, Ali EZ (2025) Clinical significance of early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s mutations in Asian and Western populations: a scoping review. Genes 16(3):345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes16030345","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00574-4","volume":"17","author":"A-C Raulin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raulin A-C, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu C-C (2022) ApoE in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 17(1):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-022-00574-4","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"5789_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1535280","volume":"17","author":"S Islam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Islam S, Noorani A, Sun Y, Michikawa M, Zou K (2025) Multi-functional role of apolipoprotein E in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 17:1535280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1535280","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.18","volume":"22","author":"A Lacour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lacour A, Espinosa A, Louwersheimer E, Heilmann S, Hern\u00e1ndez I, Wolfsgruber S, Fern\u00e1ndez V, Wagner H, et al. (2017) Genome-wide significant risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: role in progression to dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease among subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry 22(1):153\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2016.18","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.07.030","volume":"15","author":"F Ren","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ren F, Wei J, Chen Q, Hu M, Yu L, Mi J, Zhou X, Qin D, et al. (2025) Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: progress, challenges, and future directions. Acta Pharm Sin B 15(9):4327\u20134385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.07.030","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"issue":"4","key":"5789_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.109","volume":"10","author":"M Kiraly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiraly M, Foss JF, Giordano T (2023) Neuroinflammation, its role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and therapeutic strategies. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 10(4):686\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jpad.2023.109","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"5789_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112668","volume":"147","author":"MA Tayab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tayab MA, Islam MN, Chowdhury KAA, Tasnim FM (2022) Targeting neuroinflammation by polyphenols: a promising therapeutic approach against inflammation-associated depression. Biomed Pharmacother 147:112668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112668","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"17","key":"5789_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174236","volume":"15","author":"KT Skinner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner KT, Palkar AM, Hong AL (2023) Genetics of ABCB1 in cancer. Cancers 15(17):4236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15174236","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"5789_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000025","volume":"75","author":"JA Schulz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schulz JA, Hartz AMS, Bauer B (2023) ABCB1 and ABCG2 regulation at the blood-brain barrier: potential new targets to improve brain drug delivery. Pharmacol Rev 75(5):815\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"5789_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.10.003","volume":"32","author":"I Genovese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Genovese I, Ilari A, Assaraf YG, Fazi F, Colotti G (2017) Not only P-glycoprotein: amplification of the ABCB1-containing chromosome region 7q21 confers multidrug resistance upon cancer cells by coordinated overexpression of an assortment of resistance-related proteins. Drug Resist Updat 32:23\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drup.2017.10.003","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"issue":"9","key":"5789_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090740","volume":"13","author":"M Villa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J (2024) Emerging role of ABC transporters in glia cells in health and diseases of the central nervous system. Cells 13(9):740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13090740","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"5789_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166967","volume":"1870","author":"JCS Chaves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE (2024) Blood-brain barrier transporters: an overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and strategies for treatment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1870(2):166967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166967","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17590914.2025.2495632","volume":"17","author":"JJ Asante","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asante JJ, Barger SW (2025) P-glycoprotein and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: threats and opportunities. ASN Neuro 17(1):2495632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17590914.2025.2495632","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"issue":"4","key":"5789_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15148","volume":"287","author":"AB Chai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai AB, Leung GKF, Callaghan R, Gelissen IC (2020) P-glycoprotein: a role in the export of amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease? FEBS J 287(4):612\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15148","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"5789_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7905486","volume":"2017","author":"G Sita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sita G, Hrelia P, Tarozzi A, Morroni F (2017) P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and oxidative stress: focus on Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:7905486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7905486","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"5789_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106814","volume":"178","author":"H Maqbool","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maqbool H, Saleem T, Sheikh N, Asmatullah MM, Javed I, Rehman A (2021) Polymorphism in drug transporter gene ABCB1 is associated with drug resistance in Pakistani epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res 178:106814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106814","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5789_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019189","volume":"99","author":"L-L Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han L-L, Zuo B-l, Cai W-L, Guo Z-N, Tong B-H, Wei H-L, Zhu Z, Li G-Y (2020) Association between ABCB1 (3435C>T) polymorphism and susceptibility of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 99(8):e19189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000019189","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"12","key":"5789_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125548","volume":"26","author":"A Da\u0161kevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","year":"2025","unstructured":"Da\u0161kevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 A, Zaboras E, Navalinskas J, Baronas K, Jasionis A, Navickien\u0117 E, Mameni\u0161kien\u0117 R (2025) A systematic review of ABCB1 polymorphisms and antiseizure medication resistance: insights from effect size and study power analysis. Int J Mol Sci 26(12):5548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125548","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5789_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2147\/pgpm.S105208","volume":"10","author":"R Ankathil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ankathil R (2017) ABCB1 genetic variants in leukemias: current insights into treatment outcomes. Pharmacogenomics Person Med 10:169\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/pgpm.S105208","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Person Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5789_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012685","volume":"20","author":"T Gutman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutman T, Tuller T (2024) Computational analysis of MDR1 variants predicts effect on cancer cells via their effect on mRNA folding. PLoS Comput Biol 20(12):e1012685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012685","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5789_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073742","volume":"22","author":"SB Al Rihani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Rihani SB, Darakjian LI, Deodhar M, Dow P, Turgeon J, Michaud V (2021) Disease-induced modulation of drug transporters at the blood-brain barrier level. Int J Mol Sci 22(7):3724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22073742","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.03.008","volume":"40","author":"R Mondal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mondal R, Deb S, Shome G, Sarkar V, Lahiri D, Datta SS, Benito-Le\u00f3n J (2025) Molecular dynamics of amyloid-\u03b2 transport in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: exploring therapeutic plasma exchange with albumin replacement \u2013 current insights and future perspectives. Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition) 40(3):306\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.03.008","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"5789_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1474439","volume":"15","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Yao Q, Huang X, Yang X, Yu C (2024) The role and mechanism of A\u03b2 clearance dysfunction in the glymphatic system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease comorbidity. Front Neurol 15:1474439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1474439","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"5789_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32708","volume":"6","author":"X Zhong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhong X, Liu MY, Sun XH, Wei MJ (2016) Association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and haplotypes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 6:32708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep32708","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.05.006","volume":"15","author":"J Cummings","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cummings J (2019) The National Institute on Aging\u2014Alzheimer\u2019s association framework on Alzheimer\u2019s disease: application to clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement 15(1):172\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.05.006","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"5789_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010783.pub3","volume":"7","author":"I Arevalo-Rodriguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqu\u00e9-Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez-Perez E, Giannakou A, Pedraza OL, Bonfill Cosp X, et al. (2021) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 7(7):Cd010783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010783.pub3","journal-title":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01567-9","volume":"16","author":"V Dauphinot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dauphinot V, Calvi S, Moutet C, Xie J, Dautricourt S, Batsavanis A, Krolak-Salmon P, Garnier-Crussard A (2024) Reliability of the assessment of the clinical dementia rating scale from the analysis of medical records in comparison with the reference method. Alzheimers Res Ther 16(1):198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01567-9","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610222000552","volume":"36","author":"T Tabira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tabira T, Hotta M, Maruta M, Ikeda Y, Shimokihara S, Han G, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, et al. (2024) Characteristic of process analysis on instrumental activities of daily living according to the severity of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 36(3):188\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610222000552","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.001","volume":"14","author":"A Alzheimer's","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s A (2018) 2018 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 14(3):367\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.001","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"2","key":"5789_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988719882102","volume":"33","author":"J Cummings","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cummings J (2020) The neuropsychiatric inventory: development and applications. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 33(2):73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891988719882102","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"5789_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22181","author":"P Guha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guha P, Das A, Dutta S, Chaudhuri TK (2018) A rapid and efficient DNA extraction protocol from fresh and frozen human blood samples. J Clin Lab Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.22181","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"11","key":"5789_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.113126","volume":"54","author":"M Soejima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soejima M, Koda Y (2008) TaqMan-based real-time PCR for genotyping common polymorphisms of haptoglobin (HP1 and HP2). Clin Chem 54(11):1908\u20131913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2008.113126","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"5789_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303111","volume":"14","author":"S Suresh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suresh S, Singh SA, Rushendran R, Vellapandian C, Prajapati B (2023) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma. Front Neurol 14:1303111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303111","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"5789_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00339","volume":"15","author":"R Tenchov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Zhou QA (2024) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: exploring the landscape of cognitive decline. ACS Chem Neurosci 15(21):3800\u20133827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00339","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5789_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031222","volume":"26","author":"B Merta\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Merta\u015f B, Bo\u015fgelmez \u0130\u0130 (2025) The role of genetic, environmental, and dietary factors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci 26(3):1222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031222","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5789_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202507629","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhou M, Liang J, You L, Asken B, Zhou X, Song Q (2025) Integration of genetic and imaging data for Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and interpretation. Adv Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202507629","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5789_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00213-7","volume":"7","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Yang F, Zhang S, Xin R, Sun Y (2021) Genetic and environmental factors in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases and promising therapeutic intervention via fecal microbiota transplantation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 7(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-021-00213-7","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"5789_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yesudas C, P N, Devaraj I (2025) Genetic insights and molecular pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: unveiling the complexity of neurodegeneration. Brain Disorders 17:100178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dscb.2024.100178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2024.100178"},{"issue":"4","key":"5789_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0427-z","volume":"54","author":"\u00c1 Feh\u00e9r","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feh\u00e9r \u00c1, Juh\u00e1sz A, P\u00e1k\u00e1ski M, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n J, Janka Z (2014) ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism influences the risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Mol Neurosci 54(4):826\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-014-0427-z","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"5789_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaf055","author":"O \u0160er\u00fd","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0160er\u00fd O, Sheardov\u00e1 K, Dziedzinska R, Zeman T, Vyhn\u00e1lek M, Markov\u00e1 H, Lacz\u00f3 J, Lochman J, et al. (2025) ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and their contribution to cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment: a next-generation sequencing study. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaf055","journal-title":"The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences"},{"key":"5789_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101443","volume":"26","author":"S Ben Halla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Halla S, Tazzite A, Gazzaz B, Dehbi H, El Moutawakil B (2022) The impact of ABCB1 gene polymorphism (C3435T) and its expression on response to donepezil in Moroccan patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Gene Rep 26:101443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101443","journal-title":"Gene Rep"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:35:19Z","timestamp":1774492519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-026-05789-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, approval No: FMASU MS306\/2024. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. The study was performed following all relevant ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent for data analysis and publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"523"}}