{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:01:24Z","timestamp":1790355684155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1790309240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Interplay of Metabolic Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Balance Impairment: Insights from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7717-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sodiq","family":"Fakorede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olubodun Michael","family":"Lateef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine Lishilinimye","family":"Udefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abayomi Oyeyemi","family":"Ajagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmistha","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla Onaopemipo","family":"Akosile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwo Ayomide","family":"Awobona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godson Emeka","family":"Anyanwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1749","volume":"25","author":"AV Schwartz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schwartz AV, Hillier TA, Sellmeyer DE et al (2002) Older women with diabetes have a higher risk of falls: a prospective study. Diabetes Care 25:1749\u20131754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1749","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.06.004","volume":"20","author":"LM Tilling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tilling LM, Darawil K, Britton M (2006) Falls as a complication of diabetes mellitus in older people. J Diabetes Complicat 20:158\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.06.004","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"6237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.015","volume":"85","author":"HB Menz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Menz HB, Lord SR, St George R, Fitzpatrick RC (2004) Walking stability and sensorimotor function in older people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:245\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"6237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.06.007","volume":"94","author":"MM Vaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vaz MM, Costa GC, Reis JG et al (2013) Postural control and functional strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without peripheral neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94:2465\u20132470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.06.007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"6237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010063","volume":"11","author":"AS Puente-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puente-Gonz\u00e1lez AS, S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez MC, Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez EJ et al (2021) Effects of 6-month multimodal physical exercise program on bone mineral density, fall risk, balance, and gait in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a controlled clinical trial. Brain Sci 11:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010063","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2142106.053","volume":"17","author":"R Kraiwong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kraiwong R, Vongsirinavarat M, Rueankam M, Sumalrot T (2021) Effects of physical-cognitive training on physical and psychological functions among older adults with type 2 diabetes and balance impairment: a randomized controlled trial. J Exerc Rehabil 17:120\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/jer.2142106.053","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"6237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02914.x","volume":"27","author":"C Macgilchrist","year":"2010","unstructured":"Macgilchrist C, Paul L, Ellis BM et al (2010) Lower-limb risk factors for falls in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 27:162\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02914.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"6237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3787(04)70849-8","volume":"160","author":"G Cocchini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cocchini G, Della Sala S, Logie RH et al (2004) Dual task effects of walking when talking in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 160:74\u201380","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"6237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2015.08.005","volume":"40","author":"P Hewston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hewston P, Deshpande N (2016) Falls and balance impairments in older adults with type 2 diabetes: thinking beyond diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Can J Diabetes 40:6\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjd.2015.08.005","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"6237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181f2f035","volume":"31","author":"Y Agrawal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC et al (2010) Diabetes, vestibular dysfunction, and falls: analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Otol Neurotol 31:1445\u20131450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181f2f035","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"6237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155710","volume":"22","author":"PMR Herings","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herings PMR, Dyer AH, Kennelly SP et al (2022) Gait characteristics and cognitive function in middle-aged adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: data from ENBIND. Sensors 22:5710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155710","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"6237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.7547\/1030480","volume":"103","author":"C Kelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly C, Fleischer A, Yalla S et al (2013) Fear of falling is prevalent in older adults with diabetes mellitus but is unrelated to level of neuropathy. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103:480\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/1030480","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"6237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254248232513418","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823251341870","volume":"9","author":"S Fakorede","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fakorede S, Lateef OM, Garuba WA et al (2025) Dual impact of neuroinflammation on cognitive and motor impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 9:25424823251341870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25424823251341870","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"6237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150827095102","volume":"16","author":"HM Wilkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH (2016) Relationships Between Mitochondria and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 16:849\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1568026615666150827095102","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"6237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/s1056-8727(97)00093-7","volume":"12","author":"D Raccah","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raccah D, Coste T, Cameron NE et al (1998) Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor tolrestat on nerve conduction velocity, Na\/K ATPase activity, and polyols in red blood cells, sciatic nerve, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 12:154\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1056-8727(97)00093-7","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"6237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00422","volume":"6","author":"V Romanello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romanello V, Sandri M (2016) Mitochondrial quality control and muscle mass maintenance. Front Physiol 6:422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2015.00422","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00080","volume":"8","author":"N Jensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jensen N, Oliveira JRM (2014) Basal ganglia vulnerability to oxidative stress. Front Neurosci 8:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2014.00080","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767203","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1767203","volume":"2019","author":"DY Abg Abd Wahab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abg Abd Wahab DY, Gau CH, Zakaria R et al (2019) Review on Cross Talk between Neurotransmitters and Neuroinflammation in Striatum and Cerebellum in the Mediation of Motor Behaviour. Biomed Res Int 2019:1767203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1767203","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"6237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.023","volume":"154","author":"G S\u00f6derbom","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00f6derbom G, Zeng BY (2020) The NLRP3 inflammasome as a bridge between neuro-inflammation in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Int Rev Neurobiol 154:345\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.023","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"6237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.10.016","volume":"57","author":"M Aslam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aslam M, Ahmad N, Srivastava R, Hemmer B (2012) TNF-alpha induced NF\u03baB signaling and p65 (RelA) overexpression repress Cldn5 promoter in mouse brain endothelial cells. Cytokine 57:269\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.10.016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"6237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205011310020008","volume":"10","author":"DF Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silva DF, Santana I, Esteves AR et al (2013) Prodromal metabolic phenotype in MCI cybrids: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 10:180\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567205011310020008","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"6237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.12.017","volume":"146","author":"RH Swerdlow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swerdlow RH, Koppel S, Weidling I et al (2017) Mitochondria, cybrids, aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 146:259\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.12.017","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00355","volume":"8","author":"A Nagayach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagayach A, Patro N, Patro I (2014) Experimentally induced diabetes causes glial activation, glutamate toxicity and cellular damage leading to changes in motor function. Front Cell Neurosci 8:355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2014.00355","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135253","volume":"736","author":"WF Vieira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vieira WF, Malange KF, de Magalh\u00e3es SF et al (2020) Gait analysis correlates mechanical hyperalgesia in a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy: a CatWalk dynamic motor function study. Neurosci Lett 736:135253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135253","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374689","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1374689","volume":"15","author":"T Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian T, Li HF, Yang MJ et al (2024) Characterization of sensory and motor dysfunction and morphological alterations in late stages of type 2 diabetic mice. Front Endocrinol 15:1374689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1374689","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"6237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.046","volume":"281","author":"KR Stover","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stover KR, Campbell MA, Van Winssen CM, Brown RE (2015) Analysis of motor function in 6-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Behav Brain Res 281:16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.046","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.09.006","volume":"356","author":"T Garvock-de Montbrun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garvock-de Montbrun T, Fertan E, Stover K, Brown RE (2019) Motor deficits in 16-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Behav Brain Res 356:305\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.09.006","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01819.x","volume":"9","author":"P Cavanagh","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cavanagh P, Derr J, Ulbrecht J et al (1992) Problems with gait and posture in neuropathic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 9:469\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01819.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"6237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.12.1904","volume":"20","author":"EC Katoulis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Katoulis EC, Ebdon-Parry M, Lanshammar H et al (1997) Gait abnormalities in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 20:1904\u20131907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.20.12.1904","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00060-1","volume":"15","author":"ICN Sacco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sacco ICN, Amadio AC (2000) A study of biomechanical parameters in gait analysis and sensitive cronaxie of diabetic neuropathic patients. Clin Biomech 15:196\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00060-1","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"6237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-16","volume":"10","author":"HH Savelberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Savelberg HH, Schaper NC, Willems PJ et al (2009) Redistribution of joint moments is associated with changed plantar pressure in diabetic polyneuropathy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 10:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-10-16","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"6237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.05.001","volume":"32","author":"T Melai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melai T, Schaper NC, IJzerman TH et al (2013) Increased forefoot loading is associated with an increased plantar flexion moment. Hum Mov Sci 32:785\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2013.05.001","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.328","volume":"22","author":"U Oppenheim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oppenheim U, Kohen-Raz R, Alex D et al (1999) Postural characteristics of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 22:328\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.22.2.328","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.8.1187","volume":"23","author":"H Corriveau","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corriveau H, Prince F, H\u00e9bert R et al (2000) Evaluation of postural stability in elderly with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 23:1187\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.8.1187","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.173","volume":"27","author":"D Lafond","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lafond D, Corriveau H, Prince F (2004) Postural control mechanisms during quiet standing in patients with diabetic sensory neuropathy. Diabetes Care 27:173\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.27.1.173","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR36","first-page":"614","volume":"50","author":"AA Emam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Emam AA, Gad AM, Ahmed MM et al (2009) Quantitative assessment of posture stability using computerised dynamic posturography in type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control. Singapore Med J 50:614\u2013618","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"6237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00236-4","volume":"52","author":"R Yamamoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamamoto R, Kinoshita T, Momoki T et al (2001) Postural sway and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 52:213\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00236-4","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"6237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00804-8","volume":"21","author":"A Stolarczyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stolarczyk A, Jarzemski I, Maci\u0105g BM et al (2021) Balance and motion coordination parameters can be improved in patients with type 2 diabetes with physical balance training: non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 21:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00804-8","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"6237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04698-8","volume":"24","author":"MM Ghahfarrokhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghahfarrokhi MM, Shirvani H, Rahimi M et al (2024) Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 24:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-04698-8","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"6237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.01.016","volume":"19","author":"V Kotagal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kotagal V, Albin RL, M\u00fcller MLTM et al (2013) Diabetes is associated with postural instability and gait difficulty in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19:522\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.01.016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"6237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.06.003","volume":"79","author":"LP van der Heide","year":"2006","unstructured":"van der Heide LP, Ramakers GMJ, Smidt MP (2006) Insulin signaling in the central nervous system: learning to survive. Prog Neurobiol 79:205\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.06.003","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"6237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8405-3","volume":"264","author":"H Nakatsuji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakatsuji H, Araki A, Hashizume A et al (2017) Correlation of insulin resistance and motor function in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. J Neurol 264:839\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8405-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207485","volume":"21","author":"K Muramatsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muramatsu K (2020) Diabetes mellitus-related dysfunction of the motor system. Int J Mol Sci 21:7485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21207485","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-16.2016","volume":"36","author":"J Pearson-Leary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearson-Leary J, McNay EC (2016) Novel roles for the insulin-regulated glucose transporter-4 in hippocampally dependent memory. J Neurosci 36:11851\u201311864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-16.2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0295-y","volume":"8","author":"U Alam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alam U, Riley DR, Jugdey RS et al (2017) Diabetic neuropathy and gait: a review. Diabetes Ther 8:1253\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-017-0295-y","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"6237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","volume":"112","author":"A Kleinridders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kleinridders A, Cai W, Cappellucci L et al (2015) Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:3463\u20133468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134567","volume":"714","author":"JM Fine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fine JM, Stroebel BM, Faltesek KA et al (2020) Intranasal delivery of low-dose insulin ameliorates motor dysfunction and dopaminergic cell death in a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 714:134567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134567","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2021.08.014","volume":"60","author":"G Galizzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galizzi G, Palumbo L, Amato A et al (2021) Altered insulin pathway compromises mitochondrial function and quality control both in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Mitochondrion 60:178\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2021.08.014","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"e130681","key":"6237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130681","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130681","volume":"4","author":"GN Ruegsegger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruegsegger GN, Vanderboom PM, Dasari S et al (2019) Exercise and metformin counteract altered mitochondrial function in the insulin-resistant brain. JCI Insight 4(e130681):130681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.130681","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"6237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1212-8","volume":"19","author":"CW Hicks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Selvin E (2019) Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 19:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-019-1212-8","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6237_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9305025","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9305025","volume":"2016","author":"A Mustapa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mustapa A, Justine M, Mohd Mustafah N, Jamil N, Manaf H (2016) Postural Control and Gait Performance in the Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int 2016:9305025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9305025","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"6237_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-176","volume":"12","author":"MB J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen MB, Skotte JH, Holtermann A et al (2011) Neck pain and postural balance among workers with high postural demands - a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 12:176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-12-176","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"6237_CR53","first-page":"294","volume":"11","author":"KA Head","year":"2006","unstructured":"Head KA (2006) Peripheral neuropathy: pathogenic mechanisms and alternative therapies. Altern Med Rev 11:294\u2013329","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"6237_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982161","volume":"12","author":"G Abellan van Kan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H et al (2008) The I.A.N.A Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging 12:29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02982161","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"6237_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.008","volume":"27","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Mitnitski A (2011) Frailty defined by deficit accumulation and geriatric medicine defined by frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 27:17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.008","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"6237_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2333","volume":"162","author":"J Walston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A et al (2002) Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 162:2333\u20132341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2333","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6237_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr141","volume":"67","author":"RR Kalyani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kalyani RR, Varadhan R, Weiss CO et al (2012) Frailty status and altered glucose-insulin dynamics. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67:1300\u20131306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glr141","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"6237_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Filippin LI, Teixeira VN de O, da Silva MPM, et al (2015) Sarcopenia: a predictor of mortality and the need for early diagnosis and intervention. Aging Clin Exp Res 27 249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-014-0281-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-014-0281-4"},{"key":"6237_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15050561","volume":"15","author":"SM Raleigh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raleigh SM, Orchard KJA (2024) Sarcopenia as a risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: genetic and epigenetic perspectives. Genes (Basel) 15:561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15050561","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"6237_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14383","volume":"22","author":"FS Dost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dost FS, Ates Bulut E, Dokuzlar O et al (2022) Sarcopenia is as common in older patients with dementia with Lewy bodies as it is in those with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 22:418\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ggi.14383","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"6237_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Copeland EN, LeBlanc PJ, Duarte-Guterman P, et al The link between sarcopenic obesity and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a brain-derived neurotrophic factor point of view. The Journal of Physiology n\/a: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP288032","DOI":"10.1113\/JP288032"},{"key":"6237_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06525.x","volume":"1264","author":"SM Rothman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rothman SM, Griffioen KJ, Wan R, Mattson MP (2012) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a regulator of systemic and brain energy metabolism and cardiovascular health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1264:49\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06525.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.018","volume":"65","author":"C Procaccini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Procaccini C, Santopaolo M, Faicchia D et al (2016) Role of metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders. Metabolism 65:1376\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"6237_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1954","volume":"63","author":"FG De Felice","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Felice FG, Ferreira ST (2014) Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 63:2262\u20132272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1954","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6237_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013933","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933","volume":"15","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang J, Ran M, Li H et al (2022) New insight into neurological degeneration: Inflammatory cytokines and blood-brain barrier. Front Mol Neurosci 15:1013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frost GR, Li YM (2017) The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Open Biol 7:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.170228","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170228"},{"key":"6237_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14727","volume":"8","author":"A Nobili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nobili A, Latagliata EC, Viscomi MT et al (2017) Dopamine neuronal loss contributes to memory and reward dysfunction in a model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Commun 8:14727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms14727","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6237_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2015.04.197","volume":"2","author":"T Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu T, Pagadala V, Mueller DM (2015) Understanding structure, function, and mutations in the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Microb Cell 2:105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15698\/mic2015.04.197","journal-title":"Microb Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"6237_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914635107","volume":"107","author":"DC Wallace","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wallace DC (2010) Colloquium paper: bioenergetics, the origins of complexity, and the ascent of man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(Suppl 2):8947\u20138953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0914635107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6237_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132529","volume":"46","author":"DC Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan DC (2012) Fusion and fission: interlinked processes critical for mitochondrial health. Annu Rev Genet 46:265\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132529","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"6237_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.010","volume":"60","author":"MP Mattson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mattson MP, Gleichmann M, Cheng A (2008) Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. Neuron 60:748\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"6237_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12964","volume":"592","author":"PR Angelova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angelova PR, Abramov AY (2018) Role of mitochondrial ROS in the brain: from physiology to neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 592:692\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.12964","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"6237_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.854321","volume":"9","author":"B Ebanks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ebanks B, Chakrabarti L (2022) Mitochondrial ATP synthase is a target of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Biosci 9:854321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.854321","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"6237_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132814","volume":"314","author":"M Goedert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goedert M, Spillantini MG (2006) A century of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Science 314:777\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1132814","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6237_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:4:1-2:21","volume":"4","author":"M Hashimoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E (2003) Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Neuromolecular Med 4:21\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/NMM:4:1-2:21","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"6237_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305799101","volume":"101","author":"RG Cutler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cutler RG, Kelly J, Storie K et al (2004) Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:2070\u20132075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0305799101","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6237_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/s1044-7431(02)00028-3","volume":"22","author":"BA Stoica","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stoica BA, Movsesyan VA, Lea PM, Faden AI (2003) Ceramide-induced neuronal apoptosis is associated with dephosphorylation of Akt, BAD, FKHR, GSK-3beta, and induction of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic caspase pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 22:365\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1044-7431(02)00028-3","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0060-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"F Darios","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darios F, Muriel M-P, Khondiker ME et al (2005) Neurotoxic calcium transfer from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 5-dependent phosphorylation of tau. J Neurosci 25:4159\u20134168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0060-05.2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.005","volume":"31","author":"I Bezprozvanny","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bezprozvanny I, Mattson MP (2008) Neuronal calcium mishandling and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Trends Neurosci 31:454\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04499.2003","volume":"23","author":"G Pigino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pigino G, Morfini G, Pelsman A et al (2003) Alzheimer\u2019s presenilin 1 mutations impair kinesin-based axonal transport. J Neurosci 23:4499\u20134508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04499.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(02)00065-9","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak H, Del Tredici K, R\u00fcb U et al (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0197-4580(02)00065-9","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"6237_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400417","volume":"40","author":"RH Swerdlow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Swerdlow RH, Parks JK, Miller SW et al (1996) Origin and functional consequences of the complex I defect in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 40:663\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410400417","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"6237_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0984-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"PM Keeney","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keeney PM, Xie J, Capaldi RA, Bennett JP (2006) Parkinson\u2019s disease brain mitochondrial complex I has oxidatively damaged subunits and is functionally impaired and misassembled. J Neurosci 26:5256\u20135264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0984-06.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00210.x","volume":"12","author":"AR Saha","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saha AR, Ninkina NN, Hanger DP et al (2000) Induction of neuronal death by alpha-synuclein. Eur J Neurosci 12:3073\u20133077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00210.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","volume":"302","author":"AB Singleton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J et al (2003) Alpha-synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 302:841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1090278","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6237_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64553-1","volume":"157","author":"LJ Hsu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hsu LJ, Sagara Y, Arroyo A et al (2000) Alpha-synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress. Am J Pathol 157:401\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64553-1","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6237_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707530","volume":"153","author":"RR Moustafa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moustafa RR, Baron J-C (2008) Pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke: insights from imaging, and implications for therapy and drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 153(Suppl 1):S44-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707530","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"6237_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601253","volume":"25","author":"MJ Barsoum","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barsoum MJ, Yuan H, Gerencser AA et al (2006) Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial fission is regulated by dynamin-related GTPases in neurons. EMBO J 25:3900\u20133911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601253","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"6237_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7120274","volume":"7","author":"S Kausar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kausar S, Wang F, Cui H (2018) The role of mitochondria in reactive oxygen species generation and its implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Cells 7:274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells7120274","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"6237_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","volume":"88","author":"SK Powers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powers SK, Jackson MJ (2008) Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88:1243\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"6237_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12339","volume":"9","author":"R Qaisar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qaisar R, Bhaskaran S, Premkumar P et al (2018) Oxidative stress-induced dysregulation of excitation-contraction coupling contributes to muscle weakness. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9:1003\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12339","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"6237_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2009.07.002","volume":"25","author":"E Marzetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Anton SD et al (2009) Cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection by calorie restriction: state of the science and future perspectives. Clin Geriatr Med 25:715\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2009.07.002","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"6237_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi23-0003","volume":"73","author":"LM Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1a LM, Abel ED, Pereira RO (2024) Mitochondrial dynamics, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 73:151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dbi23-0003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6237_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1180","volume":"34","author":"VK Mootha","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mootha VK, Lindgren CM, Eriksson K-F et al (2003) PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nat Genet 34:267\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1180","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6237_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203969","volume":"14","author":"Z Shan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan Z, Fa WH, Tian CR et al (2022) Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Aging (Albany NY) 14:2902\u20132919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.203969","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"6237_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.688789","volume":"9","author":"S Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu S, Zhang X, Liu C et al (2021) Role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases: from an epigenetic perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:688789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.688789","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"6237_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02365-2","volume":"58","author":"S Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul S, Saha D, Bk B (2021) Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy closely cooperate in neurological deficits associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 58:3677\u20133691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-021-02365-2","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"6237_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126637","volume":"22","author":"E Kadu\u0161evi\u010dius","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kadu\u0161evi\u010dius E (2021) Novel applications of NSAIDs: insight and future perspectives in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, diabetes and cancer disease therapy. Int J Mol Sci 22:6637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126637","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052687","volume":"23","author":"M Michailidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michailidis M, Moraitou D, Tata DA et al (2022) Alzheimer\u2019s disease as type 3 diabetes: common pathophysiological mechanisms between alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 23:2687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23052687","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051236","volume":"10","author":"J Burillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burillo J, Marqu\u00e9s P, Jim\u00e9nez B et al (2021) Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells 10:1236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10051236","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"6237_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)01046-6","volume":"353","author":"MI Schmidt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR et al (1999) Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet 353:1649\u20131652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)01046-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6237_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00889-6","volume":"29","author":"R Dhapola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhapola R, Hota SS, Sarma P et al (2021) Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Inflammopharmacology 29:1669\u20131681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-021-00889-6","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"6237_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S86958","volume":"9","author":"MR Bronzuoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bronzuoli MR, Iacomino A, Steardo L, Scuderi C (2016) Targeting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Inflamm Res 9:199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S86958","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"6237_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.970925","volume":"16","author":"N Reich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reich N, H\u00f6lscher C (2022) The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: an in-depth review. Front Neurosci 16:970925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.970925","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/receptors4010002","author":"LCR Teixeira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teixeira LCR, Luizon MR, Gomes KB (2025) Exploring the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Receptors. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/receptors4010002","journal-title":"Receptors"},{"key":"6237_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.040","volume":"136","author":"C H\u00f6lscher","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00f6lscher C (2018) Novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease models. Neuropharmacology 136:251\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.040","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"6237_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x","volume":"166","author":"I Salcedo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salcedo I, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH (2012) Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: an emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders. Br J Pharmacol 166:1586\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"6237_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113537","volume":"143","author":"N Siddeeque","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siddeeque N, Hussein MH, Abdelmaksoud A et al (2024) Neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists in neurodegenerative disorders: a large-scale propensity-matched cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol 143:113537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113537","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"6237_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101449","volume":"9","author":"J-W Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee J-W, Chun W, Lee HJ et al (2021) The role of microglia in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomedicines 9:1449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9101449","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"6237_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020408","volume":"11","author":"A Ashok","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ashok A, Andrabi SS, Mansoor S et al (2022) Antioxidant therapy in oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases: role of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in clinical translation. Antioxidants (Basel) 11:408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11020408","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"6237_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179351","volume":"25","author":"C Delrue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delrue C, Speeckaert MM (2024) Mechanistic pathways and clinical implications of glp-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes management. Int J Mol Sci 25:9351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25179351","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"6237_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134221","volume":"5","author":"M Igoillo-Esteve","year":"2020","unstructured":"Igoillo-Esteve M, Oliveira AF, Cosentino C et al (2020) Exenatide induces frataxin expression and improves mitochondrial function in Friedreich ataxia. JCI Insight 5:e134221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.134221","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"6237_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","volume":"373","author":"B Zinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM et al (2015) Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 373:2117\u20132128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6237_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","volume":"380","author":"SD Wiviott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP et al (2019) Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 380:347\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6237_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foretz M, Guigas B, Viollet B (2019) Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15:569\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-019-0242-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0242-2"},{"key":"6237_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isoda K, Young JL, Zirlik A et al (2006) Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-\u03baB in human vascular wall cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:611\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75"},{"key":"6237_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh452","volume":"128","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heneka MT, Sastre M, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L et al (2005) Acute treatment with the PPAR\u03b3 agonist pioglitazone and ibuprofen reduces glial inflammation and A\u03b21-42 levels in APPV717I transgenic mice. Brain 128:1442\u20131453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh452","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6237_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0961fje","volume":"18","author":"S Sung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sung S, Yao Y, Uryu K et al (2004) Early vitamin E supplementation in young but not aged mice reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in a transgenic model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. FASEB J 18:323\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.03-0961fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"6237_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5952","volume":"22","author":"N Apostolova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apostolova N, Victor VM (2015) Molecular strategies for targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 22:686\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2014.5952","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"6237_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23148","volume":"25","author":"BJ Snow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snow BJ, Rolfe FL, Lockhart MM et al (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ as a disease-modifying therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 25:1670\u20131674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23148","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6237_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012221.pub2","volume":"7","author":"S Hopewell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ et al (2018) Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD012221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012221.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"6237_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","volume":"39","author":"SR Colberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Horton ES, Castorino K, et al. (2016) Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 39:2065\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-1728","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6237_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.16","volume":"9","author":"N Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali N, Tian H, Thabane L et al (2022) The effects of dual-task training on cognitive and physical functions in older adults with cognitive impairment; a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 9:359\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jpad.2022.16","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"6237_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552010000100011","volume":"14","author":"SSS Hernandez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hernandez SSS, Coelho FGM, Gobbi S, Stella F (2010) Effects of physical activity on cognitive functions, balance and risk of falls in elderly patients with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Rev Bras Fisioter 14:68\u201374","journal-title":"Rev Bras Fisioter"},{"key":"6237_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00921.2011","volume":"111","author":"JP Little","year":"2011","unstructured":"Little JP, Gillen JB, Percival ME et al (2011) Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 111:1554\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00921.2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6237_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010169","volume":"11","author":"D W\u0142odarek","year":"2019","unstructured":"W\u0142odarek D (2019) Role of ketogenic diets in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease). Nutrients 11:169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11010169","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6237_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000564","volume":"27","author":"NG Norwitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Norwitz NG, Sethi S, Palmer CM (2020) Ketogenic diet as a metabolic treatment for mental illness. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 27:269\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000564","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"6237_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2016.10.003","volume":"6","author":"KW Lange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lange KW, Lange KM, Makulska-Gertruda E et al (2017) Ketogenic diets and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Food Sci Hum Wellness 6:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fshw.2016.10.003","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"6237_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.04.005","volume":"68","author":"D Barry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barry D, Ellul S, Watters L et al (2018) The ketogenic diet in disease and development. Int J Dev Neurosci 68:53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.04.005","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30408-8","volume":"17","author":"K Augustin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Augustin K, Khabbush A, Williams S et al (2018) Mechanisms of action for the medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet in neurological and metabolic disorders. Lancet Neurol 17:84\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30408-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6237_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.01.011","volume":"35","author":"HR Kass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kass HR, Winesett SP, Bessone SK et al (2016) Use of dietary therapies amongst patients with GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. Seizure 35:83\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.01.011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"6237_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010025","volume":"14","author":"TPD Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira TPD, Morais ALB, Dos Reis PLB et al (2024) A Potential Role for the Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment: Exploring Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence. Metabolites 14:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo14010025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"6237_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.617071","volume":"12","author":"M Thelen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thelen M, Brown-Borg HM (2020) Does diet have a role in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Front Aging Neurosci 12:617071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.617071","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"6237_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2095","volume":"362","author":"A Di Francesco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Francesco A, Di Germanio C, Bernier M, de Cabo R (2018) A time to fast. Science 362:770\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau2095","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6237_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0408-6","volume":"46","author":"A Cherif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cherif A, Roelands B, Meeusen R, Chamari K (2016) Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults. Sports Med 46:35\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0408-6","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6237_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-01027-y","volume":"30","author":"K Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang K, Zhang L, Deng B et al (2024) Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2: a central player in pancreatic disease pathophysiology. Mol Med 30:259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10020-024-01027-y","journal-title":"Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:03:24Z","timestamp":1790352204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06237-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable for this narrative review.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors used Claude AI (Anthropic) to assist with editing and grammar improvement during the preparation of this manuscript. All scientific content, interpretations, and conclusions are solely the work of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"922"}}