{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:49:55Z","timestamp":1792090195053,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:02:02Z","timestamp":1792087322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Pathogenesis of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Role of the Central Fibrinolytic Cascade at the Neurovascular Unit"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shravan Kumar","family":"Paswan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritt","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal Kumar","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlokesh Narayan","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050651","volume":"8","author":"K Govindpani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Govindpani K, McNamara LG, Smith NR, Vinnakota C, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Kwakowsky A (2019) Vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a prelude to the pathological process or a consequence of it? J Clin Med 8(5):651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050651","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.062","volume":"75","author":"M Cortes-Canteli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cortes-Canteli M, Iadecola C (2020) Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular aging: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 75(8):942\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.062","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"6263_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1159\/000334916","volume":"10","author":"A Carrano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carrano A et al (2012) Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier changes in capillary amyloid angiopathy. Neurodegener Dis 10(1\u20134):329\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000334916","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"6263_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","volume":"18","author":"K Kisler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kisler K, Nelson AR, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV (2017) Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(7):419\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7806","key":"6263_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2247-3","volume":"581","author":"A Montagne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montagne A, Nation DA, Sagare AP et al (2020) APOE4 leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicting cognitive decline. Nature 581(7806):71\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2247-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30185-7","volume":"5","author":"L Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia L, Du Y, Chu L et al (2020) Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Public Health 5(12):e661\u2013e671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30185-7","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0281-2","volume":"16","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ, Hernandez-Guillamon M et al (2020) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease - one peptide, two pathways. Nat Rev Neurol 16(1):30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0281-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6263_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx047","volume":"140","author":"A Charidimou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Gurol ME et al (2017) Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 140(7):1829\u20131850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx047","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033107","volume":"52","author":"CA Mutimer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mutimer CA, Keragala CB, Markus HS, Werring DJ, Cloud GC, Medcalf RL (2021) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the fibrinolytic system: is plasmin a therapeutic target? Stroke 52(8):2707\u20132714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033107","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000570","volume":"5","author":"RL Medcalf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medcalf RL, Keragala CB (2021) The fibrinolytic system: mysteries and opportunities. Hemasphere 5(6):e570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000570","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.014","volume":"66","author":"M Cortes-Canteli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cortes-Canteli M, Paul J, Norris EH et al (2010) Fibrinogen and beta-amyloid association alters thrombosis and fibrinolysis: a possible contributing factor to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuron 66(5):695\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000545219","volume":"60","author":"A Tuominen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tuominen A, K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen V, Jetsonen V et al (2026) The annual incidence of vascular dementia and other dementias: a population-based study in eastern Finland. Neuroepidemiology 60(1):144\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000545219","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"50","key":"6263_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010373107","volume":"107","author":"HJ Ahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahn HJ, Zamolodchikov D, Cortes-Canteli M et al (2010) Alzheimer\u2019s disease peptide beta-amyloid interacts with fibrinogen and induces its oligomerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(50):21812\u201321817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1010373107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"6263_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000505625","volume":"19","author":"J Klohs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klohs J (2019) An integrated view on vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurodegener Dis 19(3\u20134):109\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000505625","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01737-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Hase","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hase Y, Jobson D, Cheong J et al (2024) Hippocampal capillary pericytes in post-stroke and vascular dementias and Alzheimer\u2019s disease and experimental chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Acta Neuropathol Commun 12(1):29","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"18","key":"6263_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327887.64299.a4","volume":"71","author":"EE Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith EE, Vijayappa M, Lima F, Delgado P, Wendell L, Rosand J, Greenberg SM (2008) Impaired visual evoked flow velocity response in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 71(18):1424\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327887.64299.a4","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02215-w","volume":"140","author":"N Korte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korte N, Nortley R, Attwell D (2020) Cerebral blood flow decrease as an early pathological mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 140(6):793\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-020-02215-w","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6450","key":"6263_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9518","volume":"365","author":"R Nortley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nortley R, Korte N, Izquierdo P et al (2019) Amyloid \u03b2 oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer\u2019s disease via signaling to pericytes. Science 365(6450):eaav9518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aav9518","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100052","volume":"77","author":"YA Divecha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Divecha YA, Rampes S, Tromp S et al (2025) The microcirculation, the blood-brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit in health and Alzheimer disease: the aberrant pericyte is a central player. Pharmacol Rev 77(3):100052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100052","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"6263_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.007","volume":"107","author":"E Zenaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zenaro E, Piacentino G, Constantin G (2017) The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 107:41\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.07.007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"6263_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.01.005","volume":"9","author":"CY Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos CY, Snyder PJ, Wu WC et al (2017) Pathophysiologic relationship between Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk: a review and synthesis. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 9(7):69\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.01.005","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.033","volume":"105","author":"SJ van Veluw","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Veluw SJ, Hou SS, Calvo-Rodriguez M et al (2020) Vasomotion as a driving force for paravascular clearance in the awake mouse brain. Neuron 105(3):549-561.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.033","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016990","volume":"49","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenberg SM, Charidimou A (2018) Diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: evolution of the Boston criteria. Stroke 49(2):491\u2013497","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1570-0","volume":"131","author":"A Montagne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Montagne A, Nation DA, Pa J et al (2016) Brain imaging of neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 131(5):687\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-016-1570-0","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6263_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200473","volume":"76","author":"E Solis Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solis E Jr, Hascup KN, Hascup ER (2020) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the link between amyloid-\u03b2 and neurovascular dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 76(4):1179\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-200473","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"6263_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710136","volume":"23","author":"A L\u00f3pez-Ornelas","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ornelas A, Jim\u00e9nez A, P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez G et al (2022) The impairment of blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: challenges and opportunities with stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 23(17):10136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231710136","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070304","volume":"204","author":"J Paul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paul J, Strickland S, Melchor JP (2007) Fibrin deposition accelerates neurovascular damage and neuroinflammation in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Exp Med 204(8):1999\u20132008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20070304","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420954811","volume":"27","author":"M Gireud-Goss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gireud-Goss M, Mack AF, McCullough LD, Urayama A (2021) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neuroscientist 27(6):668\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858420954811","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0240-3","volume":"21","author":"R van der Kant","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Kant R, Goldstein LSB, Ossenkoppele R (2020) Amyloid-\u03b2-independent regulators of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 21(1):21\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-019-0240-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1657-3","volume":"16","author":"P Pontecorvi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pontecorvi P, Banki MA, Zampieri C et al (2019) Fibrinolysis protease receptors promote activation of astrocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Neuroinflammation 16(1):257","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0051-1","volume":"18","author":"Y Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi Y, Holtzman DM (2018) Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight. Nat Rev Immunol 18(12):759\u2013772","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","volume":"7","author":"NJ Abbott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbott NJ, R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck L, Hansson E (2006) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(1):41\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1824","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"15","key":"6263_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838","volume":"13","author":"F Takata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S (2021) Blood-brain barrier dysfunction amplifies the development of neuroinflammation: understanding of cellular events in brain microvascular endothelial cells for prevention and treatment of BBB dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 13(15):661838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46630-z","volume":"15","author":"S Tsartsalis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsartsalis S, Sleven H, Fancy N et al (2024) A single nuclear transcriptomic characterisation of mechanisms responsible for impaired angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Commun 15(1):2243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46630-z","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01334-3","volume":"26","author":"N Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun N, Akay LA, Murdock MH et al (2023) Single-nucleus multiregion transcriptomic analysis of brain vasculature in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci 26(6):970\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-023-01334-3","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087046","volume":"24","author":"A Badimon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badimon A, Torrente D, Norris EH (2023) Vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: alterations in the plasma contact and fibrinolytic systems. Int J Mol Sci 24(8):7046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087046","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.06.003","volume":"32","author":"RM Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu RM et al (2011) Knockout of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene reduces amyloid beta peptide burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 32(6):1079\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.06.003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"9","key":"6263_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094380","volume":"22","author":"M Yepes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yepes M, Woo Y, Martin-Jimenez C (2021) Plasminogen activators in neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 22(9):4380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094380","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"542","key":"6263_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011","volume":"26","author":"M Yepes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yepes M (2024) Fibrinolytic and non-fibrinolytic roles of tissue-type plasminogen activator in the ischemic brain. Neuroscience 26(542):69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001231","volume":"34","author":"M Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang M, Hu C, Lin H, Yan H (2023) Fibrinolytic drugs induced hemorrhage: mechanisms and solutions. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 34(5):263\u2013271","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-026-01699-6","volume":"46","author":"M Tang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tang M, Liang M, Zhang X, Hong C, Ye L (2026) The double-edged sword effect of the fibrinolytic system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 46(1):66","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6263_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01394.x","volume":"16","author":"R Barker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barker R, Kehoe PG, Love S (2012) Activators and inhibitors of the plasminogen system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Cell Mol Med 16(4):865\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01394.x","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"6263_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.004","volume":"70","author":"S Magaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magaki S et al (2018) The effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Aging 70:70\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"9A","key":"6263_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00434.x","volume":"13","author":"JK Ryu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryu JK, McLarnon JG (2009) A leaky blood-brain barrier, fibrinogen infiltration and microglial reactivity in inflamed Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. J Cell Mol Med 13(9A):2911\u20132925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00434.x","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.09.012","volume":"21","author":"NJ Mutch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mutch NJ, Medcalf RL (2023) The fibrinolysis renaissance. J Thromb Haemost 21(12):3304\u20133316","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"6263_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00017","volume":"5","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jellinger KA (2013) Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment-a critical update. Front Aging Neurosci 5:17","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"7903","key":"6263_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04369-3","volume":"603","author":"AC Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang AC, Vest RT, Kern F et al (2022) A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse mediators of Alzheimer\u2019s risk. Nature 603(7903):885\u2013892","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"6263_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a011452","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011452","volume":"2","author":"AP Sagare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagare AP, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV (2012) Neurovascular dysfunction and faulty amyloid \u03b2-peptide clearance in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(10):a011452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a011452","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"6263_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314697","volume":"88","author":"G Banerjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banerjee G, Carare R, Cordonnier C et al (2017) The increasing impact of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: essential new insights for clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88(11):982\u2013994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"6263_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160727","volume":"131","author":"J Duncombe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncombe J, Kitamura A, Hase Y et al (2017) Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a key mechanism leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Clin Sci (Lond) 131(19):2451\u20132468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20160727","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641984411","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419844113","volume":"3","author":"SJ Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen SJ et al (2019) Advances in cerebral amyloid angiopathy imaging. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 3(12):1756286419844113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286419844113","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120820","volume":"32","author":"M Cortes-Canteli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cortes-Canteli M, Zamolodchikov D, Ahn HJ, Strickland S, Norris EH (2012) Fibrinogen and altered hemostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 32(3):599\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2012-120820","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"6263_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-389668","volume":"119","author":"D Zamolodchikov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zamolodchikov D, Strickland S (2012) A\u03b2 delays fibrin clot lysis by altering fibrin structure and attenuating plasminogen binding to fibrin. Blood 119(14):3342\u20133351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-11-389668","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05327-7","volume":"42","author":"N Ziliotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ziliotto N, Bernardi F, Piazza F (2021) Hemostasis components in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurol Sci 42(8):3177\u20133188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05327-7","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa275","volume":"50","author":"J Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly J (2021) New horizons: managing antithrombotic dilemmas in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Age Ageing 50(2):347\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaa275","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","volume":"9","author":"CC Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu CC, Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G (2013) Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 9(2):106\u2013118","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/s0049-3848(97)00006-6","volume":"85","author":"S Wnendt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wnendt S, Wetzels I, G\u00fcnzler WA (1997) Amyloid beta peptides stimulate tissue-type plasminogen activator but not recombinant prourokinase. Thromb Res 85(3):217\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0049-3848(97)00006-6","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6263_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.044","volume":"131","author":"O Kranenburg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kranenburg O et al (2005) Amyloid-beta-stimulated plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator results in processing of neuroendocrine factors. Neuroscience 131(4):877\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.044","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"26","key":"6263_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8867","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08867.2003","volume":"23","author":"JP Melchor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Melchor JP, Pawlak R, Strickland S (2003) The tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen proteolytic cascade accelerates amyloid-beta (Abeta) degradation and inhibits Abeta-induced neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 23(26):8867\u20138871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08867.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"25","key":"6263_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921327117","volume":"117","author":"SA Cajamarca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cajamarca SA, Norris EH, van der Weerd L, Strickland S, Ahn HJ (2020) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-linked \u03b2-amyloid mutations promote cerebral fibrin deposits via increased binding affinity for fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117(25):14482\u201314492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1921327117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.014","volume":"101","author":"M Merlini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merlini M et al (2019) Fibrinogen induces microglia-mediated spine elimination and cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model. Neuron 101(6):1099-1108.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"6263_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105466","volume":"110","author":"H van den Brink","year":"2024","unstructured":"van den Brink H, Voigt S, Kozberg M, van Etten ES (2024) The role of neuroinflammation in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. EBioMedicine 110:105466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105466","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1522-0","volume":"131","author":"S Love","year":"2016","unstructured":"Love S, Miners JS (2016) Cerebrovascular disease in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 131(5):645\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-015-1522-0","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0724-3","volume":"19","author":"KA Walker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walker KA, Power MC, Gottesman RF (2017) Defining the relationship between hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: a review. Curr Hypertens Rep 19(3):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-017-0724-3","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5499","volume":"36","author":"E Cerullo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerullo E, Quinn TJ, McCleery J et al (2021) Interrater agreement in dementia diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 36(8):1127\u20131147","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131751","volume":"211","author":"HJ Ahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn HJ et al (2014) A novel A\u03b2-fibrinogen interaction inhibitor rescues altered thrombosis and cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice. J Exp Med 211(6):1049\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20131751","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"6263_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.081","volume":"74","author":"M Cortes-Canteli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cortes-Canteli M et al (2019) Long-term dabigatran treatment delays Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis in the TgCRND8 mouse model. J Am Coll Cardiol 74(15):1910\u20131923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.081","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6263_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0232-x","volume":"19","author":"JK Ryu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryu JK et al (2018) Fibrin-targeting immunotherapy protects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 19(11):1212\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-018-0232-x","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230413","volume":"96","author":"Z Bian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bian Z et al (2023) Protective effects of rivaroxaban on white matter integrity and remyelination in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease combined with cerebral hypoperfusion. J Alzheimers Dis 96(2):609\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-230413","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241279888","volume":"19","author":"VCT Mok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mok VCT, Cai Y, Markus HS (2024) Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: mechanisms, treatment, and future directions. Int J Stroke 19(8):838\u2013856","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64998-y","volume":"10","author":"H Holm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holm H, N\u00e4gga K, Nilsson ED et al (2020) High circulating levels of midregional proenkephalin A predict vascular dementia: a population-based prospective study. Sci Rep 10(1):8027","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987318825484","volume":"4","author":"E Sexton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sexton E, McLoughlin A, Williams DJ et al (2019) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of cognitive impairment no dementia in the first year post-stroke. Eur Stroke J 4(2):160\u2013171","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3472","volume":"79","author":"S Oveisgharan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oveisgharan S, Dawe RJ, Yu L et al (2022) Frequency and underlying pathology of pure vascular cognitive impairment. JAMA Neurol 79(12):1277\u20131286","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1571-z","volume":"131","author":"RN Kalaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalaria RN (2016) Neuropathological diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia with implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 131(5):659\u2013685","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6263_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30442-3","volume":"18","author":"ST Pendlebury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM (2019) Incidence and prevalence of dementia associated with transient ischaemic attack and stroke. Lancet Neurol 18(3):248\u2013258","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16488","volume":"31","author":"N Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang N, Ma Y, Liang X et al (2024) Association of dementia with impaired kidney function and plasma biomarkers: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol 31(12):e16488","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12699","volume":"29","author":"X Gallart-Palau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gallart-Palau X, Serra A, Hase Y et al (2019) Brain-derived and circulating vesicle profiles indicate neurovascular unit dysfunction in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Pathol 29(5):593\u2013605","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6263_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214020","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214020","volume":"105","author":"K Lakshminarayan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lakshminarayan K, Norby FL, Hong CP et al (2025) Stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dementia after hospitalized TIA: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Neurology 105(6):e214020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0334-7","volume":"36","author":"RA Corriveau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corriveau RA et al (2016) The science of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): a framework for advancing research priorities in the cerebrovascular biology of cognitive decline. Cell Mol Neurobiol 36(2):281\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-016-0334-7","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12157","volume":"16","author":"BV Zlokovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zlokovic BV et al (2018) Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): a report from the 2018 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke workshop. Alzheimers Dement 16(12):1714\u20131733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12157","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"25","key":"6263_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","volume":"73","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iadecola C et al (2019) Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: JACC scientific expert panel. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(25):3326\u20133344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3114","volume":"12","author":"BV Zlokovic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zlokovic BV (2011) Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(12):723\u2013738","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6263_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-705228","volume":"128","author":"D Zamolodchikov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zamolodchikov D et al (2016) Biochemical and structural analysis of the interaction between \u03b2-amyloid and fibrinogen. Blood 128(8):1144\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2016-03-705228","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"6263_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-03937.2000","volume":"20","author":"HM Tucker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tucker HM et al (2000) The plasmin system is induced by and degrades amyloid-beta aggregates. J Neurosci 20(11):3937\u20133946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-03937.2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6263_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2015.17.1.17","volume":"17","author":"M Yamada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamada M (2015) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: emerging concepts. J Stroke 17(1):17\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2015.17.1.17","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"6263_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.12.1857","volume":"24","author":"A Maeda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maeda A et al (1993) Computer-assisted three-dimensional image analysis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 24(12):1857\u20131864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.24.12.1857","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"6263_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300503","volume":"30","author":"JP Vonsattel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vonsattel JP et al (1991) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy without and with cerebral hemorrhages: a comparative histological study. Ann Neurol 30(5):637\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410300503","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6263_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-09-0592","volume":"93","author":"D Alfano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alfano D et al (2005) The urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor: role in cell growth and apoptosis. Thromb Haemost 93(2):205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/TH04-09-0592","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"6263_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C721","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00269.2021","volume":"321","author":"SL Gonias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonias SL (2021) Plasminogen activator receptor assemblies in cell signaling, innate immunity, and inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 321(4):C721\u2013C734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00269.2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"}],"container-title":["Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:02:04Z","timestamp":1792087324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-026-06263-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-7648","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-1182","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"969"}}