{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:20:00Z","timestamp":1793748000237,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,19]],"date-time":"2011-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T04:42:51Z","timestamp":1298004171000},"page":"607-624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Diagnosis and management of acute variceal bleeding: Asian Pacific Association for Study of the Liver recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"name":"Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) Working Party on Portal Hypertension","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Saran","family":"Baijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon Koo","family":"Baik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Bayraktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Kumar","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gourdas","family":"Choudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Wook","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"de Franchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Janaka","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitendra","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chih","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Jafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Dong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George K.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hock Foong","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra Mohan","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrender S.","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungsun","family":"Rerknimitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peush","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Saraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barjesh Chander","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose D.","family":"Sollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui Yun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surender Kumar","family":"Yachha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"9236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.009","volume":"43","author":"R Franchis de","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005;43:167\u2013176","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","volume":"46","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007;46(3):922\u2013938","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01269.x","volume":"26","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Sollano JD, Chawla YK, Amarapurkar D, Hamid S, Hashizume M, Jafri W, Kumar A, Kudo M, Lesmana LA, Sharma BC, Shiha G, de Janaka Silva H. Members of the APASL Working Party on Portal Hypertension Consensus on extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction. Liver Int 2006;26:512\u2013519","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9236_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9010-9","volume":"1","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Chawla YK, Baijal SS, Dhiman RK, Jafri W, Lesmana LA, Mazumder DG, Omata M, Qureshi H, Raza RM, Sahni P, Sakhuja P, Salih M, Santra A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Shiha G, Sollano J. Members of the APASL Working Party on Portal Hypertension. Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis\/idiopathic portal hypertension: APASL recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Hepatol Int 2007;1:398\u2013413","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"9236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9010-9","volume":"1","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Angus PW, Baijal SS, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK, de Silva HJ, Hamid S, Hirota S, Hou MC, Jafri W, Khan M, Lesmana LA, Lui HF, Malhotra V, Maruyama H, Mazumder DG, Omata M, Poddar U, Puri AS, Sharma P, Qureshi H, Raza RM, Sahni P, Sakhuja P, Salih M, Santra A, Sharma BC, Shah HA, Shiha G, Sollano J. APASL Working Party on Portal Hypertension primary prophylaxis of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatol Int 2008;1:398\u2013413","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"9236_CR6","unstructured":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Levels of evidence. 2001. http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=1047"},{"key":"9236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50385","volume":"38","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599\u2013612","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.1.37","volume":"17","author":"J Teres","year":"1976","unstructured":"Teres J, Bordas JM, Bru C, Diaz F, Bruguera M, Rodes J. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: clinical and endoscopic correlations. Gut 1976;17:37\u201340","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80127-9","volume":"25","author":"R Franchis de","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Developing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1996;25:390\u2013394","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9236_CR10","volume-title":"Portal Hypertension II. Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Franchis R, editor. Portal Hypertension II. Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1996"},{"key":"9236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80320-7","volume":"33","author":"R Franchis de","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Updating consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno III consensus workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2000;33:846\u2013852","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9236_CR12","volume-title":"Portal Hypertension III. Proceedings of the IIIrd Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Franchis R, editor. Portal Hypertension III. Proceedings of the IIIrd Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2001"},{"key":"9236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90044-P","volume":"15","author":"R Franchis de","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Franchis R, Pascal JP, Ancona E, et al. Definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. A consensus development workshop. J Hepatol 1992;15:256\u2013261","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199707000-00011","volume":"25","author":"MH Kollef","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kollef MH, O\u2019Brien JD, Zuckerman GR, et al. BLEED: A classification to predict outcome in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1997;25(7):1101\u20131012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90698-X","volume":"83","author":"FM Sutton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sutton FM. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with esophageal varices: what is the most common source? Am J Med 1987;83(2):273\u2013275","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9236_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70117-5","volume":"29","author":"Y Kupfer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kupfer Y, Cappell MS, Tessler S. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. The intensivist\u2019s perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2000;29(2):275\u2013307","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"9236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090603","volume":"9","author":"D Kravetz","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kravetz D, Bosch J, Arderiu M, et al. Hemodynamic effects of blood volume restitution following a hemorrhage in rats with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver: influence of the extent of portal-systemic shunting. Hepatology 1989;9:808\u2013814","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90390-2","volume":"90","author":"D Kravetz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kravetz D, Sikuler E, Groszmann RJ. Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1232\u20131240","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07467.x","volume":"98","author":"WI Youssef","year":"2003","unstructured":"Youssef WI, Salazar F, Dasarathy S, et al. Role of fresh frozen plasma infusion in correction of coagulopathy of chronic liver disease: a dual phase study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1391\u20131394","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.015","volume":"127","author":"J Bosch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bosch J, Thabut D, Bendtsen F, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004;127:1123\u20131130","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608","volume":"29","author":"B Bernard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999;29:1655\u20131661","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","volume":"39","author":"MC Hou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Kuo BI, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004;39:746\u2013753","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31354","volume":"35","author":"R Banares","year":"2002","unstructured":"Banares R, Albillos A, Rincon D, Alonso S, Gonzalez M, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, et al. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002;35:609\u2013615","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","volume":"19","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"1999","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:475\u2013505","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"9236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300222","volume":"30","author":"C Villanueva","year":"1999","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Ortiz J, Sabat M, Gallego A, Torras X, Soriano G, et al. Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology 1999;30:384\u2013389","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","volume":"346","author":"S Levacher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levacher S, Letoumelin P, Pateron D, Blaise M, Lapandry C, Pourriat JL. Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet 1995;346:865\u2013868","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)05099-X","volume":"350","author":"A Avgerinos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Avgerinos A, Nevens F, Raptis S, Fevery J. Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds: The European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial. Lancet 1997;350:1495\u20131499","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01356.x","volume":"17","author":"GN Ioannou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ioannou GN, Doust J, Rockey DC. Systematic review: terlipressin in acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:53\u201364","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"9236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20236","volume":"39","author":"A Avgerinos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Stefanidis G, Mathou N, Vlachogiannakos J, Kougioumtzian A, et al. Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;39:1623\u20131630","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.016","volume":"45","author":"C Villanueva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, Gomez C, Lopez-Balaguer JM, Gonzalez B, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2006;45:560\u2013567","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20386","volume":"40","author":"A Monescillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Monescillo A, Martinez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Sierra A, Guevara C, Jimenez E, et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2004;40:793\u2013801","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90146-9","volume":"108","author":"B Bernard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bernard B, Cardanel JF. Valla Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1828\u20131834","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270504","volume":"27","author":"J Goulis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D, et al. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1998;27:1207\u20131212","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1159\/000051423","volume":"59","author":"B Bernard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a meta-analysis. Digestion 1998;59(Suppl 2):54\u201357","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"9236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70455-5","volume":"117","author":"E Moitinho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moitinho E, Escorsell A, Bandi JC, Salmeron JM, Garcia-Pagan JC, Rodes J, et al. Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1999;117:626\u2013631","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70031-R","volume":"100","author":"JB Ready","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ready JB, Robertson AD, Goff JS, Rector WG Jr. Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1403\u20131410","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.10.008","volume":"48","author":"JG Abraldes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Banares R, Aracil C, Catalina MV, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol 2008;48:229\u2013236","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40665.x","volume":"100","author":"C Villanueva","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Planella M, Aracil C, Lopez-Balaguer JM, Gonzalez B, Minana J, et al. Hemodynamic effects of terlipressin and high somatostatin dose during acute variceal bleeding in nonresponders to the usual somatostatin dose. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:624\u2013630","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","volume":"16","author":"SK Sarin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthy NS, Makwana UK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992;16:1343\u2013139","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.270","volume":"51","author":"D Tripathi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tripathi D, Therapondos G, Jackson E, Redhead DN, Hayes PC. The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations. Gut 2002;51:270\u2013274","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9236_CR41","first-page":"122","volume":"58","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Shah D, Vogelzang RL, Blei AT, Flamm SL. Fundal variceal bleeding after correction of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:122\u2013127","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"9236_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.058","volume":"126","author":"BM Ryan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ryan BM, Stockbrugger RW, Ryan JM. A pathophysiologic, gastroenterologic, and radiologic approach to the management of gastric varices. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1175\u20131189","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9236_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05622.x","volume":"97","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Jain AK, Jain M, Gupta R. A randomized controlled trial of cyanoacrylate versus alcohol injection in patients with isolated fundic varices. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1010\u20131015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24116","volume":"33","author":"GH Lo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, Chen MH, Chiang HT. A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 2001;33:1060\u20131064","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21145","volume":"43","author":"PC Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan PC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology 2006;43:690\u2013697","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966591","volume":"39","author":"GH Lo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lo GH, Liang HL, Chen WC, Chen MH, Lai KH, Hsu PI, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Endoscopy 2007;39:679\u2013685","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"9236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9074-1","volume":"2","author":"A Helmy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helmy A, Al Kahtani K, Al Fadda M. Updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic varices. Hepatol Int 2008;2:322\u2013334","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"9236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.129.3.514","volume":"129","author":"M Kinkhabwala","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kinkhabwala M, Mousavi A, Iyer S, Adamsons R. Bleeding ileal varicosity demonstrated by transhepatic portography. Am J Roentgenol 1977;129:514\u2013516","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"9236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-004-0148-8","volume":"28","author":"TA Macedo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Macedo TA, Andrews JC, Kamath PS. Ectopic varices in the gastrointestinal tract: short- and long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005;28:178\u2013184","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"9236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.2.1780362","volume":"178","author":"N Hidajat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hidajat N, Stobbe H, Hosten N, Schroeder RJ, Fauth M, Vogl T, Felix R. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and transjugular embolization of bleeding rectal varices in portal hypertension. Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:362\u2013363","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"9236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06020-6","volume":"353","author":"J Goulis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal hemorrhage. Lancet 1999;353:139\u2013142","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T16:43:58Z","timestamp":1560012238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,19]]}}}