{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:01:53Z","timestamp":1794013313996,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1411627308000},"page":"453-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":586,"title":["Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan Kumar","family":"Kedarisetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaigham","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Amarapurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chhagan","family":"Bihari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert C. Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Kumar","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Kadir","family":"Dokmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitendra","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasmik","family":"Ghazinyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyawat","family":"Komolmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Lata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan Huei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentius A.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Maiwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viniyendra","family":"Pamecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Alcantara","family":"Payawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salimur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Rela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Saraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Saraswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brajesh Chander","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna Subhan","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soek Siam","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitranshu","family":"Vashishtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan Ahmed","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Fung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yokosuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the APASL ACLF Working Party","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"9580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","volume":"3","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Almeida JA, Chawla YK, Fan ST, Garg H, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the liver (APASL). Hepatol Int. 2009;3:269\u2013282","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"9580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","volume":"144","author":"R Moreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1426\u20131437","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR3","unstructured":"Centre for evidence-based medicine. Levels of evidence. 2001. http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=1047. Accessed 12 Oct 2008"},{"key":"9580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. 1993;342:273\u2013275","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91818-7"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2002.00001.x","volume":"22","author":"S Sen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sen S, William R, Jalan R. The pathophysiological basis of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver. 2002;22(Suppl 2):5\u201313","journal-title":"Liver"},{"issue":"1","key":"9580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2012.02790.x","volume":"33","author":"KA Wlodzimirow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wlodzimirow KA, Eslami S, Abu-Hanna A, Nieuwoudt M, Chamuleau RA. A systematic review on prognostic indicators of acute on chronic liver failure and their predictive value for mortality. Liver Int 2013;33(1):40\u201352","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250","volume":"25","author":"P Ferenci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter P, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis and quantification\u2014final report of the working party at the 11th World Congress of Gastroenterology, Vienna 1998. Hepatology. 2002;25(3):716\u2013721","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.024","volume":"144","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bajaj JS. Defining acute-on-chronic liver failure: will East and West ever meet. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1337\u20131339","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24622","volume":"54","author":"JC Olson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olson JC, Wendon JA, Kramer DJ, Vicente A, Jalan R, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Intensive care of the patient with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2011;54:1864\u20131872","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.1973","volume":"9","author":"L Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu L, Tu Z, Xu G, Wang Y, Pan W, Zhan X, et al. Epirubicin directly promotes hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in stable HBV-expressing cell lines: a novel mechanism of HBV reactivation following anticancer chemotherapy. Mol Med Rep 2014;9(4):1345\u20131350","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"9580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12611","author":"M Mikulska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mikulska M, Nicolini L, Signori A, Rivoli G, Bono VD, Raiola AM, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in HBsAg negative\/HBcAb positive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: risk factors and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;. doi:10.1111\/1469-0691.12611","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"9580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-9","volume":"11","author":"R Pei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pei R, Grund S, Verheyen J, Esser S, Chen X, Lu M. Spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in a HIV coinfected patient with isolated anti-Hepatitis B core antibodies. Virol J. 2014;11:9. doi:10.1186\/1743-422X-11-9","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318282971e","volume":"47","author":"RK Magalhaes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magalhaes RK, Ferreira D, Salgado M, Pedroto I. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after chemotherapy in an HIV positive patient. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013;47(6):565\u2013566","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.597","volume":"51","author":"SG Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim SG, Wai CT, Rajnakova A, Kajiji T, Guan R. Fatal hepatitis B reactivation following discontinuation of nucleoside analogues for chronic hepatitis B. Gut. 2002;51(4):597\u2013599","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12649","author":"ST Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin ST, Cardwell SM, Nailor MD, Gabardi S. Hepatitis B reactivation and rituximab: a new boxed warning and considerations for solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2014;. doi:10.1111\/ajt.12649","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"9580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26963","author":"S Kusumoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kusumoto S, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Ueda R. Strategy for preventing hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved HBV infection following rituximab containing chemotherapy. Hepatology. 2013;. doi:10.1002\/hep.26963","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i11.612","volume":"5","author":"Y Tsutsumi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsutsumi Y, Yamamoto Y, Shimono J, Ohhigashi H, Teshima T. Hepatitis B virus reactivation with rituximab containing regimen. World J Hepatol 2013;5(11):612\u2013662","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000001","volume":"48","author":"M Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang M, Huang L. Reactivation of Hepatitis C viral infection after treatment with infliximab. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48(2):189\u2013190","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.025","volume":"11","author":"E Sagnelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sagnelli E, Pisaturo M, Stanzione M, Messina V, Alessio L, Sagnelli C, et al. Clinical presentation, outcome and response to therapy among patients with acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(9):1174\u20131180","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01887.x","volume":"29","author":"Y Radha Krishna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Radha Krishna Y, Saraswat VA, Das K, Himanshu G, Yachha SK, Aggarwal R, et al. Clinical features and predictors of outcome in acute hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus hepatitis on cirrhosis. Liver Int 2009;29(3):392\u2013398","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9580_CR21","unstructured":"Mahtab MA, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim MF. Hepatitis E virus is a leading cause of acute-on-chronic liver disease: experience from a tertiary center in Bangladesh. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009; 8(1): 50\u201352"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05243.x","volume":"23","author":"M Kumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumar M, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Hepatitis E virus as an etiology of acute exacerbation of previously unrecognized asymptomatic patients with hepatitis B virus related chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23(6):83\u201387","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.016","volume":"46","author":"SK Acharya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Acharya SK, Sharma PK, Singh R, Mohanty SK, Madan K, Jha JK, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death. J Hepatol 2007;46:387\u2013394","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6189-2.00082-2","volume-title":"Sleisenger and Fordtran\u2019s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease","author":"AY Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim AY, Chung RT. Bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscess. In Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt LJ, editors. Sleisenger and Fordtran\u2019s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2010. 1351","edition":"9"},{"key":"9580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.02.027","author":"R Moreau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moreau R, Arroyo V. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a new clinical entity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;. doi:10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.02.027","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.08.029","volume":"44","author":"H Garg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garg H, Kumar A, Garg V, Sharma P, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Clinical profile and predictors of mortality in patients of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44(2):166\u2013171","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.10.019","volume":"42","author":"HE Wasmuth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wasmuth HE, Kunz D, Yagmur E, Timmer-Strangh\u00f6ner A, Vidacek D, Siewert E, et al. Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure display \u201csepsis-like\u201d immune paralysis. J Hepatol 2005;42(2):195\u2013201","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1377-0","volume":"55","author":"A Duseja","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duseja A, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK, Kumar A, Choudhary N, Taneja S. Non-Hepatic insults are common precipitants in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55(11):3188\u20133192","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"9580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.024","volume":"133","author":"C Ripoll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R, et al. Hepatic pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterol 2007;133:481\u2013488","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318254e9d4","volume":"46","author":"L Amitrano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Martino R, Manguso F, Menchise A, Balzano A. Hypoxic hepatitis occurring in cirrhosis after variceal bleeding: still a lethal disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46(7):608\u2013612","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i10.2542","volume":"20","author":"T Bruns","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruns T, Zimmermann HW, Stallmach A. Risk factors and outcome of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(10):2542\u20132554","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.007","volume":"40","author":"VJ Desmet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Desmet VJ, Roskams T. Cirrhosis reversal: a duel between dogma and myth. J Hepatol 2004;40:860\u2013867","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9580_CR33","first-page":"1238","volume":"21","author":"IR Wanless","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wanless IR, Wong F, Blendis LM, Greig P, Heathcote EJ, Levy G. Hepatic and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: possible role in development of parenchymal extinction and portal hypertension. Hepatology. 1995;21(5):1238\u20131247","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.012","volume":"55","author":"MY Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim MY, Cho MY, Baik SK, Park HJ, Jeon HK, Im CK, et al. Histological subclassification of cirrhosis using the Laennac fibrosis scoring system correlates with clinical stage and grade of portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2011;55(5):1004\u20131009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12070","volume":"62","author":"A Rastogi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Bihari C, Ahuja A, Kumar A, Singh T, et al. Cirrhosis etiology and laennac staging system correlate with high portal pressure. Histopathology. 2013;62(5):731\u2013741","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"9580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH700>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"192","author":"L Libbrecht","year":"2000","unstructured":"Libbrecht L, Desmet V, Van Damme B, Roskams T. Deep intralobular extension of human hepatic \u201cprogenitor cells\u201d correlates with parenchymal inflammation in chronic viral hepatitis: can \u201cprogenitor cells\u201d migrate? J Pathol 2000;192:373\u2013378","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06844.x","volume":"27","author":"EL de Graaf","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Graaf EL, Kench J, Dilworth P, Shackel NA, Strasser SL, Joseph D, et al. Grade of deceased donor liver macrovesicular steatosis impacts graft and recipient outcomes more than the donor risk index. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27(3):540\u2013546","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31415-2","volume":"11","author":"M Gabrielli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gabrielli M, Moisan F, Vidal M, Duarte I, Jim\u00e9nez M, Izquierdo G, et al. Steatotic livers. Can we use them in OLTX? Outcome data from a prospective baseline liver biopsy study. Ann Hepatol 2012;11(6):891\u2013898","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300604","volume":"30","author":"P Angulo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30(6):1356\u20131362","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.171","volume":"10","author":"R Loomba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loomba R, Sanyal A. The global NAFLD epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(11):686\u2013690","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.11.47","volume":"5","author":"W Laleman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laleman W, Verbeke L, Meersseman P, Wauters J, van Pelt J, Cassiman D, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: current concepts on definition, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and potential therapeutic interventions. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;5(4):523\u2013537","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-011-1115-9","volume":"459","author":"A Rastogi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rastogi A, Kumar A, Sakhuja P, Bihari C, Gondal R, Hissar S, et al. Liver histology as predictor of outcome in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Virchows Arch 2011;459(2):121\u2013127","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"9580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.05.001","volume":"47","author":"G Kalambokis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalambokis G, Manousou P, Vibhakorn S, Marelli L, Cholongitas E, Senzolo M, et al. Transjugular liver biopsy: indications, adequacy, quality of specimens, and complications\u2014a systematic review. J Hep 2007;47:284\u2013294","journal-title":"J Hep"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR44","first-page":"661","volume":"24","author":"RP Myers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Myers RP, Elkashab M, Ma M, et al. Transient elastography for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis: a multicenter Canadian study. Can J Gastroenterol 2010;24(11):661\u2013670","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9580_CR45","unstructured":"Kedarisetty CK, Bhardwaj A, Garg H, Wagle P, Sarin SK. Reduction in liver stiffness at one month is a predictor of survival in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Presented as poster at APASL annual conference 2014 Brisbane"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0295-9","volume":"32","author":"AK Jha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jha AK, Nijhawan S, Rai RR, Nepalia S, Jain P, Suchismita A. Etiology, clinical profile and inhospital mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2013;32(2):108\u2013114","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06971.x","volume":"27","author":"WK Seto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seto WK, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27(4):662\u2013669","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.014","volume":"129","author":"LA Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams LA, Lymp JF, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:113\u2013121","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.02.013","volume":"40","author":"SH Caldwell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Caldwell SH, Crespo DM. The spectrum expanded: cryptogenic cirrhosis and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2004;40:578\u2013584","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24491","volume":"54","author":"N Bhala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhala N, Angulo P, Van der Poorten D, Lee E, Hui JM, Saracco G, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis: an international collaborative study. Hepatology. 2011;54:1208\u20131216","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.044_c.x","volume":"93","author":"SG Sheth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheth SG, Flamm SL, Gordon FD, Chopra S. AST\/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(1):44\u201348","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9580_CR52","first-page":"477","volume":"101","author":"FC Kruger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kruger FC, Daniels CR, Kidd M, Swart G, Brundyn K, van Rensberg C, et al. APRI: a simple bedside marker of advanced fibrosis that can avoid liver biopsy in patients with NAFLD\/NASH. S Afr Med J 2011;101(7):477\u2013480","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.189639","volume":"59","author":"A Katoonizadeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katoonizadeh A, Laleman W, Verslype C, Wilmer A, Maleux G, Roskams T, et al. Early features of acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2010;59(11):1561\u20131569","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.214627","volume":"59","author":"R Jalan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jalan R, Mookerjee RP. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an early liver biopsy is essential? Gut. 2010;59(11):1455\u20131456","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9580_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Bihari C, Trehanpati N, Pamecha V, Sarin SK. Two-tier regenerative response in liver failure in humans. Virchows Arch. 2014;464(5):565\u2013573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-014-1547-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-012-1291-2","volume":"461","author":"A Rastogi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rastogi A, Bihari C, Maiwall R, Ahuja A, Sharma MK, Kumar A, et al. Hepatic stellate cells are involved in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Virchows Arch 2012;461(4):393\u2013398","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.027","volume":"142","author":"V Garg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garg V, Garg H, Khan A, Trehanpati N, Kumar A, Sharma BC, et al. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor mobilizes CD 34\u00a0+\u00a0cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(3):505\u2013512","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.026","volume":"57","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Gines P, Olson JC, Mookerjee RP, Moreau R, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Acute-on chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2012;57(6):1336\u20131348","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e32835b2483","volume":"24","author":"R Kar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kar R, Kar SS, Sarin SK. Hepatic coagulopathy\u2014intricacies and challenges; a cross-sectional descriptive study of 110 patients from a superspeciality institute in North India with review of literature. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis 2013;24(2):175\u2013180","journal-title":"Blood Coag Fibrinolysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000103655","volume":"24","author":"T Lisman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lisman T, Leebeck FW. Hemostatic alterations in liver disease: a review of pathophysiology, clinical consequences and treatment. Dig Surg 2007;24(4):250\u2013258","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"9580_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23751","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/237351","volume":"2013","author":"P Saxena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saxena P, Bihari C, Rastogi A, Agarwal S, Anand L, Sarin SK. Sonoclot signature analysis in patients with liver disease with conventional coagulation studies. Adv Hematol 2013;2013:23751","journal-title":"Adv Hematol"},{"key":"9580_CR62","first-page":"282","volume-title":"Progress in Liver Diseases","author":"C Trey","year":"1970","unstructured":"Trey C, Davidson CS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. In Popper H, Schaffner F, editors. Progress in Liver Diseases. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1970. 282\u2013298"},{"key":"9580_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.04.020","volume":"56","author":"RT Stravitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stravitz RT, Lisman T, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Puri P, Fuchs M, et al. Minimal effects of acute liver injury\/acute liver failure on hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastography. J Hepatol 2011;56:129\u2013136","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9580_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00964.x","volume":"2","author":"R Luddington","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luddington R, Baglin T. Clinical measurement of thrombin generation by calibrated automated thrombography requires contact factor inhibition. J Thromb Haemostat 2004;2(11):1954\u20131959","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostat"},{"issue":"8","key":"9580_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.184077","volume":"58","author":"M Ninivaggi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ninivaggi M, Apitz-Castro R, Dargaud Y, de Laat B, Hemker HC, Lindhout T. Whole blood thrombin generation monitored with a calibrated automated thrombogram based assay. Clin Chem 2012;58(8):1252\u20131259","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"9580_CR66","unstructured":"New York Heart Association Inc. New York Heart association classification of Heart failure. In Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis, 6th ed. Boston, Little Brown, 1964. 114"},{"key":"9580_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","volume":"31","author":"MM Levy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, et al. 2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS international sepsis definitions conference. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1250\u20131256","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9580_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gustot T, Felleiter P, Pickkers P, Sakr Y, Rello J, Velissaris D et al. Impact of infection on the prognosis of critically ill cirrhotic patients: Results from a large worldwide study. Liver Int 2014. doi: 10.1111\/liv.12520","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12520"},{"key":"9580_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","volume":"139","author":"V Arvaniti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arvaniti V, D\u2019Amico G, Fede G, Manousou P, Tsochatzis E, Plequezuelo M, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four- fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1246\u20131256","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9580_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12074","volume":"14","author":"A Duseja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duseja A, Choudhary NS, Gupta S, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. APACHE II score is superior to SOFA, CTP and MELD in predicting the short term mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Dig Dis 2013;14(9):484\u2013490","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R227","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11882","volume":"16","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Stadlbauer V, Sen S, Cheshire L, Chang YM, Mookerjee RP. Role of predisposition, injury, response and organ failure in the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2012;16(6):R227","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"9580_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053885","volume":"8","author":"C Granja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Granja C, P\u00f3voa P, Lobo C, Teixeira-Pinto A, Carneiro A, Costa-Pereira A. The predisposition, infection, response and organ failure (Piro) sepsis classification system: results of hospital mortality using a novel concept and methodological approach. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e53885. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0053885","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"9580_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","volume":"13","author":"RS Hotchkiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13(12):862\u2013874","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9580_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051129","volume":"26","author":"WJ Kox","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kox WJ, Volk T, Kox SN, Volk HD. Immunomodulatory therapies in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2000;26(Suppl 1):S124\u2013S128","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12415","volume":"34","author":"A Khanam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khanam A, Trehanpati N, Garg V, Kumar C, Garg H, Sharma BC, et al. Altered frequencies of dendritic cells and IFN- \u03b3 secreting T cells with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) therapy in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2014;34(4):505\u2013513","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9580_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809139","volume":"361","author":"P Gines","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gines P, Schrier RW. Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1279\u20131290","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9580_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.043","volume":"140","author":"M Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed M, Guevara M, Torre A, Fagundes C, Restuccia T, Gilabert R, et al. Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:488\u2013496","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.10.055","volume":"134","author":"V Stadlbauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stadlbauer V, Wright G, Banaji M, Mukhopadhyay A, Mookerjee R, Moore K, et al. Relationship between activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renal blood flow autoregulation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0421-9","volume":"54","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar A, Das K, Sharma P, Mehta V, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Hemodynamic studies in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(4):869\u201378. doi:10.1007\/s10620-008-0421-9","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR80","first-page":"184","volume":"17","author":"A C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2011","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas A, Gin\u00e8s P. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: the kidneys. Curr Opin Crit Care 2011;17(2):184\u2013189","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"9580_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.30305","volume":"122","author":"J Ros","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ros J, Cl\u00e0ria J, To-Figueras J, et al. Endogenous cannabinoids: a new system involved in the homeostasis of arterial pressure in experimental cirrhosis in the rat. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:85\u201393","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9580_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.09.011","volume":"10","author":"J Altamirano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altamirano J, Fagundes C, Dominguez M, Garc\u00eda E, Michelena J, C\u00e1rdenas A, et al. Acute kidney injury is an early predictor of mortality for patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(1):65\u201371","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.017","volume":"51","author":"M Cazzaniga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cazzaniga M, Dionigi E, Gobbo G, Fioretti A, Monti V, Salerno F. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cirrhotic patients: relationship with their in-hospital outcome. J Hepatol 2009;51:475\u2013482","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21920","volume":"46","author":"D Thabut","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thabut D, Massard J, Gangloff A, Carbonell N, Francoz C, Nguyen-Khac E, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score and systemic inflammatory response are major prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis and acute functional renal failure. Hepatology. 2007;46:1872\u20131882","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9580_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)74933-3","volume":"353","author":"S Holt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Holt S, Goodier D, Marley R, Patch D, Burroughs A, Fernando B, Harry D, et al. Improvement in renal function in hepatorenal syndrome with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet. 1999;353:294\u2013295","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9580_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20189","volume":"119","author":"E Akriviadis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akriviadis E, Bolta R, Briggs W, et al. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1637\u20131648","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jindal A, Sarin SK. Acute kidney injury (AKI) at admission and its response to terlipressin as a predictor of mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Hepatol. 2013;58(S1):S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(13)60206-8"},{"key":"9580_CR88","unstructured":"Maiwall R, Kumar S, Vashishtha C, Kumar M, Garg H, Nayak S et al. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is different from patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2013;58(4), Suppl 36A\u201391A"},{"issue":"48","key":"9580_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9432","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i48.9432","volume":"19","author":"ZH Wan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wan ZH, Wang JJ, You SL, Liu HL, Zhu B, Zang H, et al. Cystatin C is a biomarker for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(48):9432\u20139438","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2013.02.127","volume":"45","author":"T Xing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xing T, Zhong L, Chen D, Peng Z. Experience of combined liver\u2013kidney transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure with renal dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2013;45(6):2307\u20132313","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"9580_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07373-X","volume":"351","author":"JP Donovan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Donovan JP, Schafer DF, Shaw BW Jr, Sorrell MF. Cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure in chronic liver disease. Lancet. 1998;351:719\u2013721","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9580_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.260","volume":"52","author":"MJ Poveda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poveda MJ, Bernabeu A, Concepcion L, et al. Brain edema dynamics in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy A magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage. 2010;52:481\u2013487","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"9580_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.07.045","volume":"54","author":"DL Shawcross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shawcross DL, Sharifi Y, Canavan JB, Yeoman AD, Abeles RD, Taylor NJ, et al. Infection and systemic inflammation, not ammonia, are associated with grade 3\/4 hepatic encephalopathy, but not mortality in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011;54:640\u2013649","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.004","volume":"60","author":"J Cordoba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cordoba J, Ventura-Cots M, Simon-Talero M, Amor\u00f3s \u00c0, Pavesi M, Vilstrup H, et al. Characteristics, risk factors and mortality of cirrhotic patients hospitalized for hepatic encephalopathy with and without acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2014;60:275\u2013281","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.293","volume":"104","author":"M Guevara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guevara M, Baccaro ME, Torre A. Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective study with time- dependent analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1382\u20131389","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9580_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-3-7","volume":"3","author":"C Chatzicostas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chatzicostas C, Roussomoustakaki M, Notas G, Vlachonikolis IG, Samonakis D, Romanos J, et al. A comparison of Child Pugh, APACHE II and APACHE III scoring systems in predicting hospital mortality of patients with liver cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2003;3:7","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2005.00634.x","volume":"60","author":"YC Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen YC, Tian YC, Liu NJ, Ho YP, Yang C, Chu YY, et al. Prospective cohort study comparing sequential organ failure assessment and acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation III scoring systems for hospital prediction in critically ill cirrhotic patients. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60(2):160\u2013166","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21563","volume":"45","author":"PS Kamath","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kamath PS, Kim WR. The model for end stage liver disease (MELD). Hepatology. 2007;45(3):797\u2013805","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8 Pt 1","key":"9580_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05484.x","volume":"23","author":"JW Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu JW, Sun LJ, Zhao YH, Li SC. Prediction value of model for end stage liver disease scoring system on prognosis in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure after plasma exchange and lamivudine treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23(8 Pt 1):1242\u20131249","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"33","key":"9580_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i33.4604","volume":"18","author":"Y Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan Y, Mai L, Zheng YB, Zhang SQ, Xu WX, Gao ZL, et al. What MELD score mandates use of entecavir for ACLF-HBV HBeAg negative patients? World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(33):4604\u20134609","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9580_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lai J, Lin CS, Yang L, Chen SR, Zhang YQ, Ke WM. Pretreatment HBsAg level and an early decrease in MELD score predict prognosis to lamivudine treatment for HBeAg negative acute-on-chronic liver failure. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013. doi: 10.1016\/j.clinre.2013.10.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2013.10.012"},{"key":"9580_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12373","author":"RP Myers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myers RP, Tandon P, Ney M, Meeberg G, Faris P, Shaheen AA, et al. Validation of the five variable model for Model for End stage Liver disease (5vMELD) for prediction of mortality on liver transplant waiting list. Liver Int. 2013;. doi:10.1111\/liv.12373","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.029","volume":"53","author":"LP Bechmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bechmann LP, Jochum C, Kocabayoglu P, Sowa JP, Kassalik M, Gieseler RK, et al. Cytokeratin 18 based modification of the MELD score improves prediction of spontaneous survival after acute liver injury. J Hepatol. 2010;53(4):639\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.029","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01046.x","volume":"16","author":"QF Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun QF, Ding JG, Xu DZ, Chen YP, Hong L, Ye ZY, et al. Prediction of the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure using the model for end stage liver disease scoring system and a novel logistic regression model. J Viral Hepatitis 2009;16:464\u2013470","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"9580_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.12.027","volume":"9","author":"MH Zheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zheng MH, Shi KQ, Fan YC, Li H, et al. A model to determine 3-month mortality risk in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:351\u2013356","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR106","unstructured":"Lin W, Liu X, Ma L, Wei X, Guo H, Meng Q et al. A Dynamic model for predicting outcome in patients with HBV related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Presented at AASLD The Liver Meeting 2013"},{"key":"9580_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","volume":"22","author":"JL Vincent","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendon\u00e7a A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:707\u2013710","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"9580_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f3dea9","volume":"38","author":"V Das","year":"2010","unstructured":"Das V, Boelle PY, Galbois A, Guidet B, Maury E, Carbonell N, et al. Cirrhotic patients in the medical intensive care unit: early prognosis and long-term survival. Crit Care Med 2010;38:2108\u20132116","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9580_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.024","volume":"56","author":"E Levesque","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levesque E, Hoti E, Azoulay D, Icha\u00ef P, Habouchi H, Castaing D, et al. Prospective evaluation of the prognostic scores for cirrhotic patients admitted to an intensive care unit. J Hepatol 2012;56:95\u2013102","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22945","volume":"49","author":"JH Hoofnagle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoofnagle JH. Reactivation of Hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009;49:S156\u2013S165","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9580_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12081","volume":"33","author":"A Jindal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jindal A, Kumar M, Sarin SK. Management of acute hepatitis B and reactivation of hepatitis B. Liver Int 2013;33(Suppl 1):164\u2013175","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06089.x","volume":"25","author":"LJ Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun LJ, Yu JW, Zhao YH, Kang P, Li SC. Influential factors of prognosis in lamivudine treatment for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25(3):583\u2013590","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.216","author":"JP Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang JP, Lok AS. Management of patients with hepatitis B who require immunosuppressive therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;. doi:10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.216","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9580_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26963","author":"S Kusumoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kusumoto S, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Ueda R. Strategy for preventing hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved HBV infection following rituximab containing chemotherapy. Hepatology. 2013;. doi:10.1002\/hep.26963","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9580_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31822e6eda","volume":"92","author":"R Bahirwani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bahirwani R, Shaked O, Bewtra M, Forde K, Reddy KR. Acute-on-chronic liver failure before liver transplantation: impact on post transplant outcomes. Transplantation. 2011;92(8):952\u2013957","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"9","key":"9580_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072893","volume":"8","author":"KH Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin KH, Liu JW, Chen CL, Wang SH, Lin CC, Liu YW, et al. Impacts of pretransplant infections on clinical outcomes of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure who received living donor liver transplantation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e72893","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9580_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-009-9148-8","volume":"3","author":"AC Chan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chan AC, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Chan SC, Ng KK, et al. Liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int 2009;3(4):571\u2013581","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(13)60042-9","volume":"12","author":"KSh Chok","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chok KSh, Chan SC, Fung JY, Cheung TT, Chan AC, Fan ST, et al. Survival outcomes of right-lobe living donor transplantation for patients with high model for end stage liver disease scores. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2013;12(3):256\u2013262","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"9580_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030322","volume":"7","author":"Q Ling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ling Q, Xu X, Wei Q, Liu X, Guo H, Zhuang L, et al. Downgrading MELD improves the outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e30322","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"9580_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058738","volume":"8","author":"X Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu X, Liu X, Ling Q, Wei Q, Liu Z, Xu X, et al. Artificial liver support system combined with liver transplantation in treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e58738","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9580_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.1104","volume":"19","author":"XZ Duan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duan XZ, Liu FF, Tong JJ, Yang HZ, Chen J, Liu XY, et al. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor therapy improves survival in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:1104\u20131110","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9580_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000047017","volume":"20","author":"R Jalan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jalan R, Williams R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options. Blood Purif 2002;20:252\u2013261","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"6","key":"9580_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21930","volume":"46","author":"TI Hassanein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr, McGuire B, Lynch P, Mehta R, et al. Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(6):1853\u20131862","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9580_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26185","volume":"57","author":"R Banares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology. 2013;57:1153\u20131162","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9580_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.056","volume":"142","author":"A Kribben","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S, Herget-Rosenthal S, Treichel U, Betz C, et al. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:782\u2013789","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9580_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500060326","volume":"6","author":"SR Mitzner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, et al. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transplant 2000;6:277\u2013286","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"9580_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.10.x","volume":"23","author":"MV Catalina","year":"2003","unstructured":"Catalina MV, Barrio J, Anaya F, Salcedo M, Rinc\u00f3n D, Clemente G, Ba\u00f1ares R. Hepatic and systemic haemodynamic changes after MARS in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2003;23(Suppl 3):39\u201343","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9580_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4985","volume":"10","author":"W Laleman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laleman W, Wilmer A, Evenepoel P, Elst IV, Zeegers M, Zaman Z, et al. Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure. Crit Care 2006;10:R108","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"9580_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.7.x","volume":"23","author":"LM Guo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guo LM, Liu JY, Xu DZ, Li BS, Han H, Wang LH, et al. Application of Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Liver Int. 2003;23(Suppl 3):16\u201320","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"9580_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2010.01.002","volume":"33","author":"G Atienza Merino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atienza Merino G. Evaluation of extracorporeal liver support systems in the treatment of liver failure: a systematic review. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;33(5):352\u2013362","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9580_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.217","volume":"289","author":"LL Kjaergard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kjaergard LL, Liu J, Als-Nielsen B, Gluud C. Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003;289(2):217\u2013222","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10858-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000}}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:39:40Z","timestamp":1783143580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In this article, the author's name Albert C. Y. Chan was incorrectly written as Albert C. Chan.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10858-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10858-8","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}