{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:26:12Z","timestamp":1773833172447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T13:44:22Z","timestamp":1444916662000},"page":"245-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Maiwall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","volume":"3","author":"S Sarin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarin S, Kumar A, et al. Acute on chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL). Hepatol Int 2009;3(1):269\u2013282","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R227","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11882","volume":"16","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Sen S, et al. Role of predisposition, injury, response and organ failure in the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2012;16(6):R227","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"9652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","volume":"144","author":"R Moreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreau R, Jalan R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013;144(7):1426\u20131437","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.08.029","volume":"44","author":"H Garg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garg H, Kumar A, Garg V, Sharma P, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Clinical profile and predictors of mortality in patients of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44(2):166\u2013171","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"9652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(13)60206-8","volume":"58","author":"A Jindal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jindal A, Sarin SK, et al. Acute kidney injury (AKI) at admission and its response to terlipressin as a predictor of mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Hepatol 2013;58(Supplement 1):S89","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR6","unstructured":"Maiwall R, Kumar S, Vashishtha C, Kumar M, Garg H, Nayak SL, et al. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is different from patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012;58(4 Suppl):36A\u201391A"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22605","volume":"48","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao G, Parikh CR, Viola A. Acute kidney injury in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008;48(6):2064\u20132077","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.236133","volume":"60","author":"F Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong F, Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Salerno F, Bellomo R, Gerbes A, et al. Working party proposal for a revised classification system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2010;60:702\u2013709","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9652_CR9","author":"P Gines","year":"2015","unstructured":"Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut 2015;64(4):531\u2013537. doi: 10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308874","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"9652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.018","volume":"11","author":"JM Belcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belcher JM, Parikh CR, Garcia-Tsao G. Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: perils and promise. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(12):1550\u20131558","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.04.036","volume":"59","author":"C Fagundes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fagundes C, Barreto R, Guevara M, et al. A modified acute kidney injury classification for diagnosis and risk stratification of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013;59(3):474\u2013481","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809139","volume":"361","author":"P Gines","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gines P, Schrier RW. Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1279\u20131290","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.043","volume":"140","author":"M Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Llah\u00ed M, Guevara M, Torre A, Fagundes C, Restuccia T, Gilabert R, et al. Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2011;140:488\u2013496","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.01.024","volume":"60","author":"R Jalan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, Schnabl B, Moreau R, Angeli P, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. J Hepatol 2014;60(6):1310\u20131324","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26687","volume":"59","author":"R Barreto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barreto R, Fagundes C, Guevara M, Sol\u00e0 E, Pereira G, Rodr\u00edguez E, et al. Type-1 hepatorenal syndrome associated with infections in cirrhosis: natural history, outcome of kidney function, and survival. Hepatology 2014;59(4):1505\u20131513","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.032","volume":"60","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez E, Elia C, Sol\u00e0 E, Barreto R, Graupera I, Andrealli A, et al. Terlipressin and albumin for type-1 hepatorenal syndrome associated with sepsis. J Hepatol 2014;60(5):955\u2013961","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.001","volume":"60","author":"C Francoz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Francoz C, Durand F. Type-1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis and infection versus sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: what matters? J Hepatol 2014;60(5):907\u2013909","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.026","volume":"57","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Gines P, Olson JC, Mookerjee RP, Moreau R, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Acute-on chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2012;57(6):1336\u20131348","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00010","volume":"137","author":"ML Esson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Esson ML, Schrier RW. Diagnosis and treatment of acute tubular necrosis. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:744\u2013752","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02182.x","volume":"30","author":"JM Trawal\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trawal\u00e9 JM, Paradis V, Rautou PE, Francoz C, Escolano S, Sall\u00e9e M, et al. The spectrum of renal lesions in patients with cirrhosis: a clinicopathological study. Liver Int 2010;30(5):725\u2013732","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"9652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02426.x","volume":"8","author":"HM Wadei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wadei HM, Geiger XJ, Cortese C, Mai ML, Kramer DJ, Rosser BG, et al. Kidney allocation to liver transplant candidates with renal failure of undetermined etiology: role of percutaneous renal biopsy. Am J Transpl 2008;8(12):2618\u20132626","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"issue":"3","key":"9652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.04.028","volume":"57","author":"Y Calmus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calmus Y, Conti F, Cluzel P, Hill G, Antoine C, Scatton O, et al. Prospective assessment of renal histopathological lesions in patients with end-stage liver disease: effects on long-term renal function after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2012;57(3):572\u2013576","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR23","first-page":"229","volume":"19","author":"MG Betjes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Betjes MG, Bajema I. The pathology of jaundice-related renal insufficiency: cholemic nephrosis revisited. J Nephrol 2006;19:229\u2013233","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"9652_CR24","first-page":"571","volume":"57","author":"JL Gollan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gollan JL, Billing BH, Huang SN. Ultrastructural changes in the isolated rat kidney induced by conjugated bilirubin and bile acids. Br J Exp Pathol 1976;57:571\u2013581","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"9652_CR25","first-page":"82","volume":"2","author":"J Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song J, Chang A. Jaundice-associated acute kidney injury. NDT Plus 2009;2:82\u201383","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"9652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.78","volume":"84","author":"CM Slambrouck van","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Slambrouck CM, Salem F, Meehan SM, et al. Bile cast nephropathy is a common pathologic finding for kidney injury associated with severe liver dysfunction. Kidney Int 2013;84:192\u2013197","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"9652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26599","volume":"58","author":"P Fickert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fickert P, Krones E, Pollheimer MJ, et al. Bile acids trigger cholemic nephropathy in common bile-duct-ligated mice. Hepatology 2013;58:2056\u20132069","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"9652_CR28","first-page":"325A","volume":"60","author":"S Nayak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nayak S, Mathur RP, Ramanarayanan S, Prakash G, Sarin SK, Vashishtha C, et al. Bile pigment nephropathy and acute tubular necrosis in decompensated cirrhotics and acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatology 2014;60(4 Suppl):325A","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.01.010","volume":"48","author":"P Angeli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Angeli P, Merkel C. Pathogenesis and management of hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 2008;48:S93\u2013S103","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.006","volume":"55","author":"P Gines","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gines P. Pharmacological management of hepatorenal syndrome. Lessons from nonresponders. J Hepatol 2011;55:268\u2013269","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.07.017","volume":"48","author":"SM Bagshaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Urinary biochemistry and microscopy in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:695\u2013705","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"9652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708585","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/708585","volume":"2014","author":"JM Belcher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belcher JM, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Ansari N, Coca SG, Shlipak MG, et al. Early trends in cystatin C and outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Int J Nephrol 2014;2014:708585. doi: 10.1155\/2014\/708585 (Epub 2014 Mar 18)","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"9652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000349964","volume":"182","author":"ZH Endre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Endre ZH, Kellum JA, Dxcsomma S, Doissf K, Goldstein SL, Koyner JL, et al. Differential diagnosis of AKI in clinical practice by functional and damage biomarkers: workgroup statements from the tenth acute dialysis quality initiative consensus conference. Contrib Nephrol 2013;182:30\u201344","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"9652_CR34","author":"JM Belcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belcher JM, Sanyal AJ, Peixoto AJ, Perazella MA, Lim J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al. Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology 2014;60(2):622\u2013632. doi: 10.1002\/hep.26980","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22008","volume":"16","author":"PG Northup","year":"2010","unstructured":"Northup PG, Argo CK, Bakhru MR, et al. Pretransplant predictors of recovery of renal function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2010;16:440\u2013446","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"9652_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000241104.58576.e6","volume":"82","author":"N Simpson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simpson N, Cho YW, Cicciarelli JC, et al. Comparison of renal allograft outcomes in combined liver-kidney transplantation versus subsequent kidney transplantation in liver transplant recipients: analysis of UNOS database. Transplantation 2006;82:1298\u2013303","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"9652_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.014","volume":"134","author":"AJ Sanyal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanyal AJ, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type1 hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1360\u20131368","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2011.01450.x","volume":"26","author":"T Ikegami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ikegami T, Shirabe K, Soejima Y, Taketomi A, Yoshizumi T, Uchiyama H, et al. The impact of renal replacement therapy before or after living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transpl 2012;26(1):143\u2013148. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2011.01450.x","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2013.02.127","volume":"45","author":"T Xing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xing T, Zhong L, Chen D, Peng Z. Experience of combined liver\u2013kidney transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure patients with renal dysfunction. Transpl Proc 2013;45(6):2307\u201313. doi: 10.1016\/j.transproceed.02.127","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"key":"9652_CR40","first-page":"1664","volume":"46","author":"V Seronie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seronie V. Cystatin C: current position and future prospects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1664\u20131686","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"9652_CR41","first-page":"361078","volume":"2013","author":"E Tsigou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsigou E, Psallida V, Demponeras C, Boutzouka E, Baltopoulos G. Role of new biomarkers: functional and structural damage. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:361078. doi: 10.1155\/2013\/361078","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9652_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2006.050","volume":"44","author":"M Conti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Conti M, Moutereau S, Zater M, et al. Urinary cystatin C as a speciic marker of tubular dysfunction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(3):288\u2013291","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26886","volume":"59","author":"V Souza De","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Souza V, Hadj-Aissa A, Dolomanova O, Rabilloud M, Rognant N, Lemoine S, et al. Creatinine- versus cystatine C-based equations in assessing the renal function of candidates for liver transplantation with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2014;59(4):1522\u20131531","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen AM, Kim WR, Larson JJ, Colby C, Therneau TM, Rule AD. Serum Cystatin C as an indicator of renal function and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2015;99(7):1431\u20131435","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000552"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26556","volume":"59","author":"AL Mindikoglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mindikoglu AL, Dowling TC, Weir MR, Seliger SL, Christenson RH, Magder LS, et al. Performance of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration creatinine-cystatin C equation for estimating kidney function in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2014;59(4):1532\u20131542","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"48","key":"9652_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9432","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i48.9432","volume":"19","author":"ZH Wan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wan ZH, Wang JJ, You SL, Liu HL, Zhu B, Zang H, et al. Cystatin C is a biomarker for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(48):9432\u20139438. doi: 10.3748\/wjg.v19.i48.9432","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9652_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12299","volume":"37","author":"AJ Slack","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slack AJ, McPhail MJ, Ostermann M, Bruce M, Sherwood R, Musto R, et al. Predicting the development of acute kidney injury in liver cirrhosis\u2013an analysis of glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria and kidney injury biomarkers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37(10):989\u2013997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"9652_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.7.4135","volume":"273","author":"T Ichimura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Bailly V, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells alter injury. J Biol Chem 1998;273(7):4135\u20134142","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20857","volume":"42","author":"G Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang G, Gong Y, Anderson J, et al. Antioxidative function of L-FABP in L-FABP stably transfected Chang liver cells. Hepatology 2005;42(4):871\u2013879","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"19","key":"9652_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15575","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011623200","volume":"276","author":"BA Ek-VonMentzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ek-VonMentzer BA, Zhang F, Hamilton JA. Binding of 13-HODE and 15-HETE to phospholipid bilayers, albumin, and intracellular fatty acid binding proteins: implications for transmembrane and intracellular transport and for protection from lipid peroxidation. J Biol Chem 2001;276(19):15575\u201315580","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl775","volume":"22","author":"CL Edelstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edelstein CL, Hoke TS, Somerset H, et al. Proximal tubules from caspase-1-deficient mice are protected against hypoxia-induced membrane injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(4):1052\u20131061","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9652_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(00)00147-3","volume":"1482","author":"DR Flower","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flower DR. Experimentally determined lipocalin structures. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1482(1\u20132):46\u201356 (Review)","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"7019","key":"9652_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104","volume":"432","author":"TH Flo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flo TH, Smith KD, Sato S, Rodriguez DJ, Holmes MA, Strong RK, et al. Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. Nature 2004;432(7019):917\u2013921","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9652_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.03.015","volume":"57","author":"C Fagundes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fagundes C, Pepin MN, Guevara M, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;57:267\u2013273","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR55","author":"R Barreto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barreto R, Elia C, Sol\u00e0 E, Moreira R, Ariza X, Rodr\u00edguez E, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts kidney outcome and death in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections. J Hepatol 2014;61(1):35\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.023 (Epub ahead of print)","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000349967","volume":"182","author":"MD Okusa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okusa MD, Jaber BL, Doran P, Duranteau J, Yang L, Murray PT, et al. Physiological biomarkers of acute kidney injury: a conceptual approach to improving outcomes. Contrib Nephrol 2013;182:65\u201381","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262209","volume":"16","author":"H Schiffl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schiffl H, Lang SM. Update on biomarkers of acute kidney injury: moving closer to clinical impact? Mol Diagn Ther 2012;16(4):199\u2013207","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"9652_CR58","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, O\u2019Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Biggins SW, Patton H, et al. Survival in infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure is defined by extra-hepatic organ failures. Hepatology 2014;60(1):250\u2013256. doi: 10.1002\/hep.27077 (Epub ahead of print)","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.08.001","volume":"43","author":"P Caraceni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caraceni P, Santi L, Mirici F, Montanari G, Bevilacqua V, Pinna AD, et al. Long-term treatment of hepatorenal syndrome as a bridge to liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis 2011;43:242\u2013245","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"9652_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199502150-00010","volume":"59","author":"TA Gonwa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB, Levy M, Jennings LS, Goldstein RM, Husberg BS. Impact of pretransplant renal function on survival after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995;59:361\u2013365","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"9652_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03471.x","volume":"19","author":"O Witzke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D, Patschan S, Mitchell A, Treichel U, et al. Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19:1369\u20131373","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR62","first-page":"w13150","volume":"141","author":"T Breidthardt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breidthardt T, Moser-Bucher CN, Praehauser C, Garzoni D, Bachler K, Steiger J, et al. Morbidity and mortality on chronic haemodialysis: a 10-year Swiss single centre analysis. Swiss Med Wkly 2011;141:w13150","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"4","key":"9652_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0527-7","volume":"46","author":"A Sourianarayanane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sourianarayanane A, Raina R, Garg G, McCullough AJ, O\u2019Shea RS. Management and outcome in hepatorenal syndrome: need for renal replacement therapy in non-transplanted patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2014;46(4):793\u2013800. doi: 10.1007\/s11255-013-0527-7","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9652_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.039","volume":"59","author":"S Piano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piano S, Rosi S, Maresio G, Fasolato S, Cavallin M, Romano A, et al. Evaluation of the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and ascites. J Hepatol 2013;59(3):482\u2013489","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064398","volume":"357","author":"JG Abuelo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abuelo JG. Normotensive ischemic acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:797\u2013805","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9652_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.22068","volume":"37","author":"A Davenport","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davenport A. Renal replacement therapy in the patient with acute brain injury. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:457\u201366","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"9652_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199303000-00007","volume":"21","author":"A Davenport","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davenport A, Will EJ, Davidson AM. Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med 1993;21:321\u2013338","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9652_CR68","first-page":"s245","volume":"41","author":"A Davenport","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davenport A, Will EJ, Davidson AM. Effect of renal replacement therapy on patients with combined acute renal and fulminant liver failure. Kidney Int Suppl 1993;41:s245\u2013S251","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"9652_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000334149","volume":"20","author":"TA Gonwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonwa TA, Wadei HM. The challenges of providing renal replacement therapy in decompensated cirrhosis. Blood Purif 2012;20:144\u2013148","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"9652_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S, Herget-Rosenthal S, Treichel U, Betz C, et al. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 2012;142(4):782\u2013789. e3. doi: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.056","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.056"},{"key":"9652_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1ares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology 2013;57(3):1153\u20131162. doi: 10.1002\/hep.26185 .(Epub 2013 Feb 15)","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26185"},{"key":"9652_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling Q, Xu X, Wei Q, Liu X, Guo H, Zhuang L, et al. Downgrading MELD improves the outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. PLoS One 2012;7(1):e30322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030322"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01388.x","volume":"27","author":"CT Wai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wai CT, Lim SG, Aung MO, Lee YM, Sutedja DS, Dan YY, et al. MARS: a futile tool in centres without active liver transplant support. Liver Int 2007;27(1):69\u201375","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9652_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Liu X, Ling Q, Wei Q, Liu Z, Xu X, et al. Artificial liver support system combined with liver transplantation in the treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e587389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058738"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90031-7","volume":"105","author":"A Gin\u00e8s","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gin\u00e8s A, Escorsell A, Gin\u00e8s P, Sal\u00f3 J, Jim\u00e9nez W, Inglada L, et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993;105(1):229\u2013236","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.09.011","volume":"10","author":"J Altamirano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altamirano J, Fagundes C, Dominguez M, Garc\u00eda E, Michelena J, C\u00e1rdenas A, et al. Acute kidney injury is an early predictor of mortality for patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(1):65\u201371","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9652_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21920","volume":"46","author":"D Thabut","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thabut D, Massard J, Gangloff A, Carbonell N, Francoz C, Nguyen-Khac E, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score and systemic inflammatory response are major prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis and acute functional renal failure. Hepatology 2007;46:1872\u20131882","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"9652_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27830","volume":"34","author":"A C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2001","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas A, Gin\u00e8s P, Uriz J, Bessa X, Salmer\u00f3n JM, Mas A, et al. Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis. Hepatology 2001;34(4 Pt 1):671\u2013676","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP65028","volume":"65","author":"CC Wu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wu CC, Yeung LK, Tsai WS, Tseng CF, Chu P, Huang TY, et al. Incidence and factors predictive of acute renal failure in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Clin Nephrol 2006;65(1):28\u201333","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"9652_CR80","unstructured":"Maiwall R, Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, et al. Utility of a modified PIRO (Predisposition, Injury, Response, Organ Failure) model for predicting kidney failure in patients with ACLF. A multinational cohort study. Boston; 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"9652_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8","volume":"12","author":"J Acevedo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Acevedo J, Prado V, Fern\u00e1ndez J. Changing options for prevention and treatment of infections in cirrhosis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2014;12(2):256\u2013267. doi: 10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25947","volume":"56","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, O\u2019Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Olson JC, Subramanian RM, et al. Kamath PS; NACSELD. Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: the North American consortium for the study of end-stage liver disease (NACSELD) experience. Hepatology 2012;56(6):2328\u20132335. doi: 10.1002\/hep.25947","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"9652_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.065","volume":"133","author":"J Fern\u00e0ndez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fern\u00e0ndez J, Navasa M, Planas R, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007;133:818\u2013824","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9652_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.024","volume":"56","author":"N Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah N, El Zahraa Dhar D, Mohammed F, Habtesion A, Davies NA, Jover- Cobos M, et al. Prevention of acute kidney injury in a rodent model of cirrhosis following selective gut decontamination is associated with reduced renal TLR4 expression. J Hepatol 2012;56:1047\u20131053","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9652_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.276300","volume":"310","author":"P Mathurin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathurin P, Louvet A, Duhamel A, Nahon P, Carbonell N, Boursier J, et al. Prednisolone with versus without pentoxifylline and survival of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310(10):1033\u20131041. doi: 10.1001\/jama.2013.276300","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"9652_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker R, Armstrong MJ, Corbett C, Rowe IA, Houlihan DD. Systematic review: pentoxifylline for the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37(9):845\u2013854. doi: 10.1111\/apt.12279 . (Epub 2013 Mar 13. Review)","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12279"},{"key":"9652_CR87","first-page":"20","volume":"60","author":"SS Sidhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Singla M, Bhatia KL, Chhina RS, Sood A. Pentoxifylline in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a prospective, randomised trial. J Assoc Physicians India 2012;60:20\u201322","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"25","key":"9652_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3194","volume":"15","author":"SF Assimakopoulos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Assimakopoulos SF, Thomopoulos KC, Labropoulou-Karatza C. Pentoxifylline: a first line treatment option for severe alcoholic hepatitis and hepatorenal syndrome? World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(25):3194\u20133195","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"13","key":"9652_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1613","volume":"15","author":"BK De","year":"2009","unstructured":"De BK, Gangopadhyay S, Dutta D, Baksi SD, Pani A, Ghosh P. Pentoxifylline versus prednisolone for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(13):1613\u20131619","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"19","key":"9652_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101214","volume":"365","author":"E Nguyen-Khac","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen-Khac E, Thevenot T, Piquet MA, Benferhat S, Goria O, Chatelain D, et al. Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2011;365(19):1781\u20131789. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa1101214","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"9652_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.1104","volume":"19","author":"XZ Duan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duan XZ, Liu FF, Tong JJ, Yang HZ, Chen J, Liu XY, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor therapy improves survival in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(7):1104\u20131110. doi: 10.3748\/wjg.v19.i7.1104","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9652_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg V, Garg H, Khan A, Trehanpati N, Kumar A, Sharma BC, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes CD34(+) cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 2012;142(3):505\u2013512.e1. doi: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.027","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.027"},{"key":"9652_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.10.055","volume":"134","author":"V Stadlbauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stadlbauer V, Wright G, Banaji M, Mukhopadhyay A, Mookerjee R, Moore K, et al. Relationship between activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renal blood flow autoregulation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2008;134:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.026","volume":"57","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Gines P, Olson JC, Mookerjee RP, Moreau R, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Acute-on chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2012;57(6):1336\u20131348. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.026","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9652_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23283","volume":"51","author":"A Nazar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nazar A, Pereira GH, Guevara M, Mart\u00edn-Llahi M, Pepin MN, Marinelli M, et al. Predictors of response to therapy with terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2010;51(1):219\u2013226. doi: 10.1002\/hep.23283","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9652_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.11.020","volume":"55","author":"TD Boyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Blei A, Carl D, Bexon AS, et al. Predictors of response to terlipressin plus albumin in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1: relationship of serum creatinine to hemodynamics. J Hepatol 2011;55(2):315\u2013321","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9652_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.07.017","volume":"58","author":"JC Velez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Velez JC, Nietert PJ. Therapeutic response to vasoconstrictors in hepatorenal syndrome parallels increase in mean arterial pressure: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(6):928\u2013938. doi: 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.07.017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"9652_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalan R, Yurdaydin C, Bajaj JS, Acharya SK, Arroyo V, Lin HC, et al. Toward an improved definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 2014;147(1):4\u201310","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.005"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T01:33:18Z","timestamp":1748655198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9652-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]}}}