{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:03:48Z","timestamp":1787069028553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T06:44:00Z","timestamp":1468565040000},"page":"871-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Sepsis in cirrhosis: emerging concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cyriac Abby","family":"Philips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9753_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992;20:864\u2013874","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199206000-00025"},{"key":"9753_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bone RC, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992;101(6):1644\u20131655","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"key":"9753_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czura CJ. Merinoff symposium 2010: sepsis\u2014an international call to action. Mol Med 2010;16(5\u20136):157\u2013158","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00001.editorial"},{"key":"9753_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature 2010;464:104\u2013107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08780"},{"key":"9753_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duewell P, et al. NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 2010;464:1357\u20131361","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08938"},{"key":"9753_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque R, Sohail M, Malik A, et al. TLR9 and the NLRP3 inflammasome link acinar cell death with inflammation in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2011;141:358\u2013369","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.03.041"},{"key":"9753_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald B, McAvoy EF, Lam F, et al. Interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan is the dominant mechanism for neutrophil sequestration in inflamed liver sinusoids. J Exp Med 2008;205:915\u2013927","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071765"},{"key":"9753_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Navasa M, G\u00f3mez J, Colmenero J, Vila J, Arroyo V, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002;35:140\u2013148","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082"},{"key":"9753_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee WY, Kubes P. Leukocyte adhesion in the liver: distinct adhesion paradigm from other organs. J Hepatol 2008;48:504\u2013512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.12.005"},{"key":"9753_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernsmeier C, Pop OT, Singanayagam A, Triantafyllou E, Patel VC, Weston CJ, et al. Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure have increased numbers of regulatory immune cells expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK. Gastroenterology 2015;148:603\u2013615","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.045"},{"key":"9753_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soehnlein O, Kenne E, Rotzius P, Eriksson EE, Lindbom L. Neutrophil secretion products regulate anti-bacterial activity in monocytes and macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2008;151:139\u2013145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03532.x"},{"key":"9753_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen HJ, van der Tol M, van Strijp JAG, Verhoef J, van Kessel KPM. The role of tumour necrosis factor in the kinetics of lipopolysaccharide-mediated neutrophil priming in whole blood. Clin Exp Immunol 2005;140:65\u201372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02748.x"},{"key":"9753_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mookerjee RP, Stadlbauer V, Lidder S et al. Neutrophil dysfunction in alcoholic hepatitis superimposed on cirrhosis is reversible and predicts the outcome. Hepatology 2007;46:831\u2013840","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21737"},{"key":"9753_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy RC, Chen GH, Tekchandani PK, Standiford TJ. Sepsis induced immunosuppression: from bad to worse. Immunol Res 2001;24:273\u2013287","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:24:3:273"},{"key":"9753_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellot P, Garcia-Pagan JC, Frances R, Abraldes JG, Navasa M, Perez-Mateo M, et al. Bacterial DNA translocation is associated with systemic circulatory abnormalities and intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010;52:2044\u20132052","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23918"},{"key":"9753_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ono Y, Watanabe T, Matsumoto K, et al. Opsono-phagocytic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis and low responses to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide in patients\u2019 blood. J Infect Chemother 2004;10:200\u2013207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-004-0321-7"},{"key":"9753_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry PA, Antoniades CG, Carey I, McPhail MJ, Hussain MJ, Davies ET, Wendon JA, Vergani D. Severity of the compensatory anti-inflammatory response determined by monocyte HLA-DR expression may assist outcome prediction in cirrhosis. Intensive Care Med 2011;37(3):453\u2013460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2099-7"},{"key":"9753_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wherry EJ. T cell exhaustion. Nature Immunol 2011;12:492\u2013499","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035"},{"key":"9753_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guignant C, et al. Programmed death-1 levels correlate with increased mortality, nosocomial infection and immune dysfunctions in septic shock patients. Crit Care 2011;15:R99","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10112"},{"key":"9753_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monneret G, et al. Marked elevation of human circulating CD4\u00a0+\u00a0CD25\u00a0+\u00a0regulatory T cells in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2068\u20132071","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000069345.78884.0F"},{"key":"9753_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirchwolf M, Ruf AE. Role of systemic inflammation in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to prognosis. World J Hepatol 2015;7(16):1974\u20131981","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i16.1974"},{"key":"9753_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elefsiniotis IS, Skounakis M, Vezali E, et al. Clinical significance of serum PCT levels in patients with acute or chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18:525\u2013530","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200605000-00012"},{"key":"9753_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervoni JP, Th\u00e9venot T, Weil D, Muel E, Barbot O, Sheppard F, et al. C-reactive protein predicts short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;56(6):1299\u20131304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.12.030"},{"key":"9753_CR24","unstructured":"Li CH, Yang R, Pang JH, et al. PCT as a biomarker for bacterial infection in patients with liver cirrhosis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2011;18:121\u2013126"},{"key":"9753_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guignant C, Voirin N, Venet F, et al. Assessment of pro-vasopressin and pro-adrenomedullin as predictors of 28-day mortality in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1859\u20131867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1610-5"},{"key":"9753_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu HP, Chen CK, Chung K et al. Plasma transforming growth factor-b1 level in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and association with disease severity. J Formos Med Assoc 2009;108:20\u201327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60028-0"},{"key":"9753_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaegashi Y, Shirakawa K, Sato N, Suzuki Y, Kojika M, Imai S, et al. Evaluation of a newly identified soluble CD14 subtype as a marker for sepsis. J Infect Chemother 2005;11(5):234\u2013238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-005-0400-4"},{"key":"9753_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naitoh K, Shirakawa K, Hirose J, Nakamura M, Takeuchi T, Hosaka Y, et al. The new sepsis marker, sCD14-ST (PRESEPSIN), induction mechanism in the rabbit sepsis models. Sepsis 2010;14(Suppl 2):19","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9122"},{"key":"9753_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller MC, Meijers JC, Vroom MB, Juffermans NP. Utility of thrombo elastography and\/or thrombo elastometry in adults with sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care 2014;18(1):R30","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13721"},{"key":"9753_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philips CA, Choudhury AK, Sahney A, Maiwall R, Mitra LG, Sarin SK. Comparison and outcomes of 5\u00a0% albumin vs 0.9\u00a0% normal saline fluid resuscitation in cirrhotics presenting with sepsis induced hypotension\u2014a randomized controlled trial\u2014fluid resuscitation in septic shock in cirrhosis (FRISC Protocol) hepatology. Pres Plenary Clin Hepatol 2015;62:261A\u2013265A","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28183"},{"key":"9753_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013;41:580\u2013637","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827e83af"},{"key":"9753_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Dara SI, Memish Z, et al. Antimicrobial therapeutic determinants of outcomes from septic shock among patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 2012;56(6):2305\u20132315","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25931"},{"key":"9753_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo J, Silva A, Prado V, Fernandez J. The new epidemiology of nosocomial bacterial infections in cirrhosis: therapeutical implications. Hepatol Int 2013;7:72\u201379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9396-x"},{"key":"9753_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999;341:403\u2013409","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410603"},{"key":"9753_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Monteagudo J, Bargallo X, et al. A randomized unblinded pilot study comparing albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2005;42:627\u2013634","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20829"},{"key":"9753_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rifai K, Kribben A, Gerken G, et al. Extracorporeal liver support by fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (PROMETHEUS) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (HELIOS study): a prospective randomized controlled multicenter study. J Hepatol 2010;52:S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(10)60008-6"},{"key":"9753_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garnacho-Montero J, Escoresca-Ortega A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Delgado E. Antibiotic de-escalation in the ICU: how is it best done? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015;28(2):193\u2013198","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000141"},{"key":"9753_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves-Filho JC, et al. Neutrophil paralysis in sepsis. Shock 2010;34(Suppl 1):15\u201321","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181e7e61b"},{"key":"9753_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meisel C, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:640\u2013648","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0363OC"},{"key":"9753_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang KC, et al. Blockade of the negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 improves survival in primary and secondary fungal sepsis. Crit Care 2013;17:R85","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12711"},{"key":"9753_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue S, et al. Dose-dependent effect of anti-CTLA-4 on survival in sepsis. Shock 2011;36:38\u201344","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182168cce"},{"key":"9753_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tritto G, Bechlis Z, Stadlbauer V, Davies N, Franc\u00e9s R, Shah N, et al. Evidence of neutrophil functional defect despite inflammation in stable cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011;55:574\u2013581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.11.034"},{"key":"9753_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:862\u2013874","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552"},{"key":"9753_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu B, Chen YX, Yin Q, Zhao YZ, Li CS. Diagnostic value and prognostic evaluation of Presepsin for sepsis in an emergency department. Crit Care 2013;17:R244","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13070"},{"key":"9753_CR45","unstructured":"Anastasiou J, Williams R. When to use antibiotics in the cirrhotic patient? The evidence base. Ann Gastroenterol 2013;26(2):128\u2013131"},{"key":"9753_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Gustot T. Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;56 Suppl 1:S1\u2013S12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(12)60002-6"},{"key":"9753_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchins NA, Unsinger J, Hotchkiss RS, Ayala A. The new normal: immunomodulatory agents against sepsis immune suppression. Trends Mol Med 2014;20:224\u2013233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.01.002"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T01:50:20Z","timestamp":1568166620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["9753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9753-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]}}}