{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:20:39Z","timestamp":1792210839031,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T22:05:07Z","timestamp":1586297107000},"page":"399-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antibiotics for prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: systematic review &amp; Bayesian network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hariom","family":"Soni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Kumar-M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balaji L.","family":"Bellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhra","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Mahendru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshal S.","family":"Mandavdhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Medhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-019-00229-2","volume":"17","author":"S Ekpanyapong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekpanyapong S, Reddy KR. Infections in cirrhosis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2019;17(2):254\u2013270","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10025_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S164250","volume":"11","author":"S Marciano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marciano S, D\u00edaz JM, Dirchwolf M, Gadano A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: incidence, outcomes, and treatment strategies. Hepatic Med Evid Res 2019;11:13\u2013122","journal-title":"Hepatic Med Evid Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10025_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12795","volume":"35","author":"P Schwabl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Soucek K, Mandorfer M, Bota S, Blacky A, et al. Risk factors for development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and subsequent mortality in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Liver Int 2015;35(9):2121\u20132128","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90284-J","volume":"104","author":"M Andreu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Andreu M, Sola R, Sitges-Serra A, Alia C, Gallen M, Vila MC, et al. Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993;104(4):1133\u20131138","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10025_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05791.x","volume":"97","author":"TM Bauer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bauer TM, Schwacha H, Steinbr\u00fcckner B, Brinkmann FE, Ditzen AK, Aponte JJ, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in human cirrhosis is associated with systemic endotoxemia. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(9):2364\u20132370","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080332","volume":"8","author":"BA Runyon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Runyon BA. Patients with deficient ascitic fluid opsonic activity are predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatol Baltim Md 1988;8:632\u2013635","journal-title":"Hepatol Baltim Md"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2018.80123","volume":"4","author":"KA Rostkowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rostkowska KA, Szymanek-Pasternak A, Simon KA. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis\u2014therapeutic challenges in the era of increasing drug resistance of bacteria. Clin Exp Hepatol 2018;4(4):224\u2013231","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1505867","volume":"19","author":"AE Maraolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maraolo AE, Gentile I, Pinchera B, Nappa S, Borgia G. Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of bacterial peritonitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018;19(12):1317\u20131325","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10025_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.01.024","volume":"60","author":"R Jalan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, Schnabl B, Moreau R, Angeli P, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL special conference 2013. J Hepatol 2014;60:1310\u20131324","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.065","volume":"133","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Navasa M, Planas R, Montoliu S, Monfort D, Soriano G, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007;133(3):818\u2013824","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9688-z","volume":"10","author":"M Assem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assem M, Elsabaawy M, Abdelrashed M, Elemam S, Khodeer S, Hamed W, et al. Efficacy and safety of alternating norfloxacin and rifaximin as primary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites: a prospective randomized open-label comparative multicenter study. Hepatol Int 2016;10(2):377\u2013385","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10025_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0168-7","volume":"113","author":"HJ Yim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yim HJ, Suh SJ, Jung YK, Yim SY, Seo YS, Lee YR, et al. Daily norfloxacin vs. weekly ciprofloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2018;113(8):1167\u20131176","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10025_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250306","volume":"25","author":"M Novella","year":"1997","unstructured":"Novella M, Sol\u00e0 R, Soriano G, Andreu M, Gana J, Ortiz J, et al. Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin. Hepatology 1997;25(3):532\u2013536","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10025_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30906-8","volume":"13","author":"F Tellez-Avila","year":"2014","unstructured":"T\u00e9llez-\u00c1vila F, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Barbero-Becerra V, Franco-Guzm\u00e1n A, Ruiz-Cordero R, Alfaro-Lara R, et al. Primary prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a randomized, double blind study. Ann Hepatol 2014;13(1):65\u201374","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.01.024","volume":"48","author":"R Terg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Terg R, Fassio E, Guevara M, Cartier M, Longo C, Lucero R, et al. Ciprofloxacin in primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 2008;48(5):774\u2013779","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80061-5","volume":"29","author":"JD Grang\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grang\u00e9 JD, Roulot D, Pelletier G, Pariente EA, Denis J, Ink O, et al. Norfloxacin primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial. J Hepatol 1998;29:430\u2013436","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00007","volume":"122","author":"N Singh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singh N, Gayowski T, Victor LY, Wagener MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:595\u2013598","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10025_CR18","first-page":"1171","volume":"22","author":"A Rolachon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rolachon A, Cordier L, Bacq Y, Nousbaum JB, Franza A, Paris JC, et al. Ciprofloxacin and long-term prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a prospective controlled trial. Hepatology 1995;22:1171\u20131174","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10025_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12132","volume":"15","author":"S Lontos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lontos S, Shelton E, Angus PW, Vaughan R, Roberts SK, Gordon A, et al. A randomized controlled study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin for the prevention of infection in cirrhotic patients. J Dig Dis 2014;15:260\u2013267","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.026","volume":"155","author":"R Moreau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreau R, Elkrief L, Bureau C, Perarnau JM, Th\u00e9venot T, Saliba F, et al. Effects of long-term norfloxacin therapy in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2018;155:1816\u20131827","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015386901343","volume":"47","author":"TM Bauer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bauer TM, Follo A, Navasa M, Vila J, Planas R, Clemente G, et al. Daily norfloxacin is more effective than weekly rufloxacin in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1356\u20131361","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ELX.0000397034.71412.83","volume":"1","author":"EM Zayed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zayed EM, Zaghla HS, Rady MA, Badra GA, Mohamed MS, Waked IA. Evaluation of different regimens of oral antibiotics in secondary prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Egypt Liver J 2011;1:69\u201372","journal-title":"Egypt Liver J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032005000400012","volume":"42","author":"RF Alvarez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alvarez RF, Mattos AA, Corr\u00eaa EB, Cotrim HP, Nascimento TV. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Arq Gastroenterol 2005;42(4):256\u2013262","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120416","volume":"12","author":"P Gin\u00e9s","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gin\u00e9s P, Rimola A, Planas R, Vargas V, Marco F, Almela M, et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990;12(4):716\u2013724","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000724","volume":"28","author":"A Elfert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elfert A, Abo Ali L, Soliman S, Ibrahim S, Abd-Elsalam S. Randomized-controlled trial of rifaximin versus norfloxacin for secondary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;28(12):1450\u20131454","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10025_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2015.7782","volume":"26","author":"T Mostafa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mostafa T, Badra G, Abdallah M. The efficacy and the immunomodulatory effect of rifaximin in prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic Egyptian patients. Turk J Gastroenterol 2015;26:163\u2013169","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10025_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90219-B","volume":"100","author":"G Soriano","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soriano G, Guarner C, Teixid\u00f3 M, Such J, Barrios J, Enr\u00edquez J et al. Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1991;100(2):477\u2013481","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.010","volume":"131","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Ruiz del Arbol L, G\u00f3mez C, Durandez R, Serradilla R, Guarner C et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 2006;131(4):1049\u20131056","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03796.x","volume":"20","author":"BS Sandhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sandhu BS, Gupta R, Sharma J, Singh J, Murthy NS, Sarin SK. Norfloxacin and cisapride combination decreases the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20(4):599\u2013605","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10025_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907893","volume":"362","author":"NM Bass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, Poordad F, Neff G, Leevy CB et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(12):1071\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10025_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628481880030","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284818800307","volume":"11","author":"SL Flamm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flamm SL, Mullen KD, Heimanson Z, Sanyal AJ. Rifaximin has the potential to prevent complications of cirrhosis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018;11:1756284818800307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756284818800307.","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10025_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1456-2","volume":"56","author":"GY Minuk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minuk GY, Hawkins K, Kaita KD, Wong S, Renner E, Minuk L et al. Daily ciprofloxacin treatment for patients with advanced liver disease awaiting liver transplantation reduces hospitalizations. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56(4):1235\u201312341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-010-1456-2.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10025_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14109","volume":"39","author":"A Facciorusso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Facciorusso A, Papagiouvanni I, Cela M, Buccino VR, Sacco R. Comparative efficacy of long-term antibiotic treatments in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int 2019;39(8):1448\u20131458","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10025_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001446","volume":"31","author":"W Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang W, Yang J, Liu C, Song P, Wang W, Xu H, et al. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifaximin for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a network meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;31:905\u2013910","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10025_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1621167","volume":"13","author":"M Fiore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiore M, Di Franco S, Alfieri A, Passavanti MB, Pace MC, Kelly ME, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria: an update of epidemiology and antimicrobial treatments. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;13(7):683\u2013692","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10025_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e328333dc8d","volume":"26","author":"HL Koo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koo HL, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: a unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010;26(1):17\u201325","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10025_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","volume":"69","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2018","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018;69(2):406\u2013460","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10025_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.032","volume":"70","author":"A Lombardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lombardi A, Zuccaro V, Fagiuoli S, Bruno R. Prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is there still room for quinolones? J Hepatol 2019;70(5):1027\u20131028","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T23:47:20Z","timestamp":1617752840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10025-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Hariom Soni, Praveen Kumar-M, Vishal Sharma, Balaji L. Bellam, Shubhra Mishra, Dhruv Mahendru, Harshal S. Mandavdhare, Bikash Medhi, Usha Dutta, Virendra Singh declare that they have no conflict of interest","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this article, a systematic review, does not contain any human participants or animal experimentation performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable, see above.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}