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It is a tool for displaying, describing, and interpreting 3D anatomy and morphological features of organs, thus providing intuitive, stereoscopic, and accurate methods for clinical decision-making. It has played an increasingly significant role in the diagnosis and management of liver diseases. Over the last decade, it has been proven safe and effective to use 3D simulation software for pre-hepatectomy assessment, virtual hepatectomy, and measurement of liver volumes in blood flow areas of the portal vein; meanwhile, the use of 3D models in combination with hydrodynamic analysis has become a novel non-invasive method for diagnosis and detection of portal hypertension. We herein describe the progress of research on 3D visualization, its workflow, current situation, challenges, opportunities, and its capacity to improve clinical decision-making, emphasizing its utility for patients with liver diseases. Current advances in modern imaging technologies have promised a further increase in diagnostic efficacy of liver diseases. For example, complex internal anatomy of the liver and detailed morphological features of liver lesions can be reflected from CT-based 3D models. A meta-analysis reported that the application of 3D visualization technology in the diagnosis and management of primary hepatocellular carcinoma has significant or extremely significant differences over the control group in terms of intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, recovery of postoperative liver function, operation time, hospitalization time, and tumor recurrence on short-term follow-up. However, the acquisition of high-quality CT images and the use of these images for 3D visualization processing lack a unified standard, quality control system, and homogeneity, which might hinder the evaluation of application efficacy in different clinical centers, causing enormous inconvenience to clinical practice and scientific research. Therefore, rigorous operating guidelines and quality control systems need to be established for 3D visualization of liver to develop it to become a mature technology. Herein, we provide recommendations for the research on diagnosis and management of 3D visualization in liver diseases to meet this urgent need in this research field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10052-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T18:02:27Z","timestamp":1594144947000},"page":"437-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Consensus recommendations of three-dimensional visualization for diagnosis and management of liver 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Jiao, Anand V. Kulkarni, Hauke Lang, Cosmas Rinaldi A. Lesmana, Qiang Li, Lianxin Liu, Yingbin Liu, Wanyee Lau, Qiping Lu, Kwan Man, Hitoshi Maruyama, Cristina Mosconi, Necati \u00d6rmeci, Michael Pavlides, Guilherme Rezende, Joo Hyun Sohn, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Val\u00e9rie Vilgrain, Hao Wen, Sai Wen, Xianyao Quan, Rafael Ximenes, Yinmo Yang, Bixiang Zhang, Weiqi Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shaoxiang Zhang, Xiaolong Qi have any potential conflict to disclose (financial, professional, or personal) relevant to the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"We searched the PubMed and Web of Science for studies published from Jan 1, 2001, to March 1, 2019, with the search strategy: (\u201cthree dimensional visualization\u201d OR \u201cimaging, three-dimensional\u201d) AND (\u201cliver neoplasms\u201d OR \u201chepatocellular carcinoma\u201d OR \u201cHCC\u201d OR \u201chepatolithiasis\u201d OR \u201chilar cholangiocarcinoma\u201d OR \u201chepatic venous pressure gradient\u201d OR \u201cHVPG\u201d OR liver transplantation) AND (\u201cdiagnosis\u201d OR \u201ctreatment\u201d OR \u201csurgery\u201d). Articles published in either English or Chinese were included. Duplicated results from the databases were removed. Inclusion criteria were: studies on diagnosis and management of 3D visualization in hepatology; and studies using 3D reconstruction imaging as a useful tool for preoperative evaluation, operation planning, and intraoperative guidance. Exclusion criteria were: commentaries and case reports; studies published in languages other than English or Chinese; and studies carried out in children.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Search strategy and selection criteria"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}]}}