{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:35:54Z","timestamp":1792784154057,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis research unit","award":["GRU 6105530009-1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRU 6105530009-1."]}]},{"name":"Liver Research Unit of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028wp3y58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Fatty Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is considered a main prognostic event in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). We analyzed the 28-day and 90-day mortality in ACLF patients with or without underlying cirrhosis enrolled in the ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,621 patients were prospectively enrolled and 637 (39.3%) of these patients had cirrhosis. Baseline characteristics, complications and mortality were compared between patients with and without cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alcohol consumption was more common in cirrhosis than non-cirrhosis (66.4% vs. 44.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), while non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/cryptogenic CLD (10.9% vs 5.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and chronic HBV reactivation (18.8% vs 11.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) were more common in non-cirrhosis. Only 0.8% of patients underwent liver transplantation. Overall, 28-day and 90-day mortality rates were 39.3% and 49.9%, respectively. Patients with cirrhosis had a greater chance of survival compared to those without cirrhosis both at 28-day (HR\u2009=\u20090.48; 95% CI 0.36\u20130.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and 90-day (HR\u2009=\u20090.56; 95% CI 0.43\u20130.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), respectively. In alcohol CLD, non-cirrhosis patients had a higher 28-day (49.9% vs. 23.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 90-day (58.4% vs. 35.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) mortality rate than cirrhosis patients. ACLF patients with cirrhosis had longer mean survival than non-cirrhosis patients (25.5 vs. 18.8\u00a0days at 28-day and 65.2 vs. 41.2\u00a0days at 90-day). Exaggerated systemic inflammation might be the reason why non-cirrhosis patients had a poorer prognosis than those with cirrhosis after ACLF had occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 28-day and 90-day mortality rates of ACLF patients without cirrhosis were significantly higher than those with cirrhosis in alcoholic CLD. The presence of cirrhosis and its stage should be evaluated at baseline to guide for management. Thai Clinical Trials Registry, TCTR20191226002.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T06:07:10Z","timestamp":1637820430000},"page":"171-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of compensated cirrhosis on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kessarin","family":"Thanapirom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongluk","family":"Teerasarntipan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sombat","family":"Treeprasertsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Maiwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viniyendra","family":"Pamecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Al Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Kumar","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshad","family":"Devarbhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Amarapurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chundamannil E.","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed Sadiq","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna Subhan","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentious A.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaigham","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Payawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Fung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salimur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barjesh C.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yokosuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The APASL ACLF Working Party","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Maiwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun Al","family":"Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salimur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. S.","family":"Soin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshad","family":"Devarbhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Duseja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sombat","family":"Treeprasertsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna S.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Jafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Saraswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soek Siam","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Midha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omesh","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasmik","family":"Ghazinyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. N.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seng G.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentius A.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmas Rinaldi","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. G.","family":"Mohan Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Payawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaigham","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kadir Dokmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose D.","family":"Sollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian","family":"Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananta","family":"Shresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. K.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Fazal Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Gani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemal Fariz Fariz","family":"Kalista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Fung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikrant","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikrant Bihari","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viniyendra","family":"Pamecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yokosuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madunil A.","family":"Niriella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Mochida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic Ray","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Gane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Maung","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Rela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharmesh","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chhagan Bihari","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenu","family":"Bajpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virender","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhumita","family":"Premkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Sudhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Olithselvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyriac Abby","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshu","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surender K.","family":"Yachha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan Ahmad","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. R.","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Saraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Shalimar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manav","family":"Wadhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaushal","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Sakhuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Vij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barjesh C.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitendra","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Kalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovkesh","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanmay","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan P.","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guresh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samba Siva Rao","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh K.","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahinul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Seon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Mo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27849","volume":"6 2","author":"T Gustot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gustot T, Fernandez J, Garcia E, et al. Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 2015;6 2(1):243\u2013252","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10266_CR2","unstructured":"Zheng YX, Zhong X, Li YJ, et al. Performance of scoring systems to predict mortality of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. (Epub 2017\/03\/18)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2017.01.001","volume":"40","author":"AG Antunes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antunes AG, Teixeira C, Vaz AM, et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium scores and traditional models for predicting mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;40(4):276\u2013285 (Epub 2017\/02\/23).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","volume":"8","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hep Intl 2014;8(4):453\u2013471 (Epub 2015\/07\/24).","journal-title":"Hep Intl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10266_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312670","volume":"66","author":"R Hernaez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hernaez R, Sola E, Moreau R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an update. Gut. 2017;66(3):541\u201353.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10266_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.219","volume":"13","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Choudhury A. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: terminology, mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;13(3):131\u2013149 (Epub 2016\/11\/02 2016\/02\/04).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","volume":"3","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Almeida JA, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL). Hep Intl 2009;3(1):269\u2013282 (Epub 2009\/08\/12).","journal-title":"Hep Intl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10266_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28719","volume":"64","author":"G Cholankeril","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cholankeril G, Perumpail RB, Pham EA, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, natural history, and diagnostic challenges. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2016;64(3):954 (Epub 2016\/07\/09).","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10266_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28677","volume":"64","author":"VW Setiawan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Porcel J, et al. Prevalence of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis by underlying cause in understudied ethnic groups: The multiethnic cohort. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2016;64(6):1969\u20131977 (Epub 2016\/06\/16).","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27795","volume":"62","author":"Y Shi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi Y, Yang Y, Hu Y, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure precipitated by hepatic injury is distinct from that precipitated by extrahepatic insults. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2015;62(1):232\u2013242 (Epub 2015\/03\/25).","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13213","volume":"31","author":"KD Shalimar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shalimar KD, Vadiraja PK, et al. Acute on chronic liver failure because of acute hepatic insults: etiologies, course, extrahepatic organ failure and predictors of mortality. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31(4):856\u2013864 (Epub 2015\/11\/01).","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2012.02790.x","volume":"33","author":"KA Wlodzimirow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wlodzimirow KA, Eslami S, Abu-Hanna A, et al. A systematic review on prognostic indicators of acute on chronic liver failure and their predictive value for mortality. Liver Int 2013;33(1):40\u201352 (Epub 2012\/03\/21).","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"34","key":"10266_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i34.1529","volume":"8","author":"C Dominguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dominguez C, Romero E, Graciano J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of acute-on-chronic liver failure in a single center from Argentina. World J Hepatol 2016;8(34):1529\u20131534 (Epub 2016\/12\/23).","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10266_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01046.x","volume":"16","author":"QF Sun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sun QF, Ding JG, Xu DZ, et al. Prediction of the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure using the model for end-stage liver disease scoring system and a novel logistic regression model. J Viral Hepatitis 2009;16(7):464\u2013470 (Epub 2009\/05\/06).","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"issue":"27","key":"10266_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23261","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4666","volume":"6","author":"MH Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng MH, Wu SJ, Shi KQ, et al. Conditional survival estimate of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure: a dynamic prediction based on a multicenter cohort. Oncotarget 2015;6(27):23261\u201323271 (Epub 2015\/07\/28).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"36","key":"10266_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i36.5078","volume":"18","author":"HL Fan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fan HL, Yang PS, Chen HW, et al. Predictors of the outcomes of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(36):5078\u20135083 (Epub 2012\/10\/11).","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12787","volume":"30","author":"Y Shi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zheng MH, Yang Y, et al. Increased delayed mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure who have prior decompensation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;30(4):712\u2013718 (Epub 2014\/09\/25).","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3037","volume":"11","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Guo X, Zhao S, et al. Prognostic performance of clinical indices and model scorings for acute-on-chronic liver failure: a study of 164 patients. Exp Ther Med 2016;11(4):1348\u20131354 (Epub 2016\/04\/14.)","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"29","key":"10266_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i29.3448","volume":"17","author":"K Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang K, Hu JH, Wang HF, et al. Survival and prognostic factors in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17(29):3448\u20133452 (Epub 2011\/08\/31).","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10266_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13340","volume":"31","author":"V Saraswat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saraswat V, Singh SP, Duseja A, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in India: the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver consortium experience. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31(10):1742\u20131749 (Epub 2016\/10\/30).","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10266_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i14.3785","volume":"22","author":"YS Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong YS, Sinn DH, Gwak GY, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of chronic liver disease patients with acute deteriorated liver function by severity of underlying liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22(14):3785\u20133792 (Epub 2016\/04\/15).","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR22","first-page":"e014745","volume":"11","author":"TY Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim TY, Song do S, Kim HY, et al. Characteristics and discrepancies in acute-on-chronic liver failure: need for a unified definition. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e014745 (Epub 2016\/01\/21).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10266_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1583287","volume":"36","author":"R Moreau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreau R. The pathogenesis of ACLF: the inflammatory response and immune function. Semin Liver Dis 2016;36(2):133\u2013140 (Epub 2016\/05\/14).","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10266_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16041","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.41","volume":"2","author":"V Arroyo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arroyo V, Moreau R, Kamath PS, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2:16041 (Epub 2016\/06\/10).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10266_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.008","volume":"70","author":"T Gustot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gustot T, Jalan R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2019;70(2):319\u2013327.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10266_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R227","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11882","volume":"16","author":"R Jalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jalan R, Stadlbauer V, Sen S, et al. Role of predisposition, injury, response and organ failure in the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2012;16(6):R227.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10266_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27779","volume":"62","author":"J Michelena","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michelena J, Altamirano J, Abraldes JG, et al. Systemic inflammatory response and serum lipopolysaccharide levels predict multiple organ failure and death in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2015;62(3):762\u2013772.","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10266_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2019.09.001","volume":"3","author":"F Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li F, McClain CJ, Feng W. Microbiome dysbiosis and alcoholic liver disease(). Liver Res 2019;3(3\u20134):218\u2013226","journal-title":"Liver Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10266_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0359-2","volume":"5","author":"VB Dubinkina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dubinkina VB, Tyakht AV, Odintsova VY, et al. Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease. Microbiome 2017;5(1):141.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0099-1","volume":"16","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bajaj JS. Alcohol, liver disease and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16(4):235\u2013246.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10266_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310585","volume":"65","author":"M Llopis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Llopis M, Cassard AM, Wrzosek L, et al. Intestinal microbiota contributes to individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. Gut 2016;65(5):830\u2013839 (Epub 2015\/12\/09).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10266_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29623","volume":"67","author":"P Puri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puri P, Liangpunsakul S, Christensen JE, et al. The circulating microbiome signature and inferred functional metagenomics in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2018;67(4):1284\u20131302.","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10266_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628482094261","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820942616","volume":"13","author":"C Skinner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skinner C, Thompson AJ, Thursz MR, et al. Intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in patients with liver disease, focusing on alcoholic aetiology: methods of assessment and therapeutic intervention. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2020;13:1756284820942616.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T22:20:29Z","timestamp":1644877229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-021-10266-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Kessarin Thanapirom, Tongluk Teerasarntipan, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Ashok Choudhury, Manoj K Sahu, Rakhi Maiwall, Viniyendra Pamecha, Richard Moreau, Mamun Al Mahtab, Yogesh Kumar Chawla, Harshad Devarbhavi, Chen Yu, Qin Ning, Deepak Amarapurkar, Chundamannil E. Eapen, Saeed Sadiq Hamid, Amna Subhan Butt, Dong Joon Kim, Guan H. Lee, Ajit Sood, Laurentious A. Lesmana, Zaigham Abbas, Gamal Shiha, Diana A Payawal , Man-Fung Yuen, Albert Chan, George Lau, Jidong Jia, Salimur Rahman, Barjesh C Sharma, Osamu Yokosuka, Shiv Kumar Sarin have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No. 330\/59) and individual centers of recruitment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"<b>Collaborators<\/b> The following members of the DUCA group were collaborators in this study: Shiv Kumar Sarin, Ashok Choudhury, Manoj K. Sharma1, \nRakhi Maiwall1 (Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India); Mamun Al Mahtab, Salimur Rahman (Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh); Sanjiv Saigal, Neeraj Saraf, A. S. Soin (Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India); Harshad Devarbhavi (Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea); Dong Joon Kim (Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea); R. K. Dhiman, Ajay Duseja, Sunil Taneja (Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India); C. E. Eapen, Ashish Goe (Department of Hepatology, CMC, Vellore, India); Q. Ning (Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China); Tao Chen (Translational Hepatology Institute Capital Medical University, Beijing You\u2019an Hospital, Beijing, China); Ke Ma (Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China); Z. Duan, Chen Yu (Translational Hepatology Institute Capital Medical University, Beijing You\u2019an Hospital, Beijing, China); Sombat Treeprasertsuk (Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand); S. S. Hamid, Amna S. Butt, Wasim Jafri (Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan): Akash Shukla (Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India); Vivek Saraswat (Department of Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India); Soek Siam Tan (Department of Medicine, Hospital Selayang, Bata Caves, Selangor, Malaysia); Ajit Sood, Vandana Midha, Omesh Goyal (Department of Gastroenterology, DMC, Ludhiana, India), Hasmik Ghazinyan (Department of Hepatology, Nork Clinical Hospital of Infectious Disease, Yerevan, Armenia), Anil Arora (Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and GRIPMER, New Delhi, Delhi, India), Jinhua Hu (Department of Medicine, 302 Millitary Hospital, Beijing, China); Manoj Sahu (Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences, IMS & SUM Hospital, \nBhubaneswar, Odisha, India); P. N. Rao (Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India); Guan H. Lee, Seng G. Lim (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore); Laurentius A. Lesmana, Cosmas Rinaldi Lesmana (Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Centre, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia); Samir Shah (Department of Hepatology, Global Hospitals, Mumbai, India); V. G. Mohan Prasad (Department of Gastroenterology, VGM Hospital, Coimbatore, India);  Diana A. Payawal (Fatima University Medical Center Manila, Manila, Philippines); Zaigham Abbas (Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan); A. Kadir Dokmeci (Department of Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey); Jose D. Sollano, Gian Carpio (Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines); Ananta Shresta (Department of Hepatology, Foundation Nepal Sitapaila Height, Kathmandu, Nepal); G. K. Lau (Department of Medicine, Humanity and Health Medical Group, New Kowloon, Hong Kong, China); \u00b7Md. Fazal Karim (Department of Hepatology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh); Gamal Shiha (Egyptian Liver Research Institute And Hospital, Cairo, Egypt);  Rino Gani, Kemal Fariz Kalista (Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia); Man-Fung Yuen (Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong, The University of\nHong Kong, Hong Kong, China); Seema Alam, Rajeev Khanna, Vikrant Sood, Bikrant Bihari Lal (Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New\nDelhi, Delhi, India; Viniyendra Pamecha (Department of Hepatobilliary Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India); Ankur Jinda (Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan); V. Rajan, Vinod Arora (Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India); Osamu Yokosuka (Professor Emeritus, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan); Madunil A. Niriella (Department of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka); Hai Li (Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China); Xiaolong Qi (CHESS Frontier Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China); Atsushi Tanaka (Department of Medicine, Tokyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan); Satoshi Mochida (Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan);  Dominic Ray Chaudhuri, Ed Gane (New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand); Khin Maung Win (Yangon GI and Liver Centre, Pabedan, Yangon, Myanmar); Wei Ting Chen (Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang\nGung Medical Foundation, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan); Mohd. Rela (Department of Liver Transplant Surgery, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai, India); Dharmesh Kapoor (Department of Hepatology, Global Hospitals, Mumbai, India); Amit Rastogi (Department of Hepatology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India);  Pratibha Kale (Department of Microbiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India); Archana Rastogi, Chhagan Bihari Sharma (Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India);  Meenu Bajpai (Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver\nand Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India);   Virender Singh, Madhumita Premkumar (Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India); Sudhir Sudhir \u00b7  A. Olithselvan (Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatology, Manipal Hospitals, Bangalore, India); Cyriac Abby Philips (The Liver Unit, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, India); Anshu Srivastava, Surender K. Yachha (Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India); Zeeshan Ahmad Wani (Noora Hospital in Srinagar, Shrinagar, India); B. R. Thapa (Department of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India); Anoop Saraya, Shalimar (Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, AIIMS, New Delhi, India); Ashish Kumar (Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and GRIPMER, New Delhi, Delhi, India); Manav Wadhawan (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, B L K Hospital, New Delhi, India); Subash Gupta (Centre for Liver and Biliary Science, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India); Kaushal Madan (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India);  Puja Sakhuja (Department of Pathology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India); Vivek Vij (Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatobilliary Surgery, Fortis Hospital, New Delhi, India);Barjesh C. Sharma (Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India); Hitendra Garg, Vishal Garg (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India); Chetan Kalal (Department of Hepatology, Sir H N Reliance Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India); Lovkesh Anand (Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Narayana Hospital, Gurugram, India); Tanmay Vyas (Department of Hepatology, Parimal Multi-Speciality Hospital, Ahmedabad, India); Rajan P. Mathur (Department of Nephrology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India); Guresh Kumar, Priyanka Jain, Samba Siva Rao Pasupuleti (Department of Statistics and Clinical Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India); Yogesh K. Chawla (Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Med Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India); Abhijit Chowdhury (Department of Hepatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India); Shahinul Alam (Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh); Do Seon Song, Jin Mo Yang (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea); Eileen L. Yoon (Department Of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}