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Serum biomarkers of BT (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], lipoteichoic acid [LTA], bacterial DNA\u00a0[bactDNA]), systemic inflammation and markers of circulatory dysfunction were assessed. T-cell subsets in intestinal biopsies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097 ACLD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094 controls) were analyzed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients had a median HVPG of 18\u00a0(12\u201321) mmHg and 56% had decompensated ACLD. LPS (0.04 [0.02\u20130.06] vs. 0.64 [0.30\u20131.06]\u00a0EU\/mL), LTA (4.53 [3.58\u20135.97] vs. 43.2 [23.2\u2013109]\u00a0pg\/mL), and detection of bactDNA (\u2265\u20095\u00a0pg\/mL; 5% vs. 41%) were markedly higher in patients with ACLD than healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but were similar between different clinical stages of compensated and decompensated ACLD and displayed no meaningful correlation with HVPG and systemic hemodynamics. TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 correlated with LPS (Spearman\u2019s <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.523, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001\/<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.143, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) but not with LTA. Presence of bactDNA was associated with higher LPS (0.54 [0.28\u20130.95] vs. 0.88 [0.32\u20131.31] EU\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and TNF-\u03b1 (15.3 [6.31\u201328.1] vs. 20.9\u00a0[13.8\u201332.9] pg\/mL). Patients with ACLD exhibited a decreased CD4:CD8-ratio and increased T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1-cells in the intestinal mucosa as compared to controls. During a median FU of 14.7\u00a0(8.20\u201326.5) months, bacterial antigens did not predict decompensation or liver-related death (in contrast to HVPG, IL-6, and MAP) as well as infections at 24\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>BT occurs already in early ACLD stages and triggers a systemic inflammatory response via TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10. Interestingly, BT markers showed no clear correlation with portal hypertension and circulatory dysfunction in patients with stable ACLD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NCT03267615.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10496-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1678194216000},"page":"1045-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Bacterial translocation occurs early in cirrhosis and triggers a selective inflammatory response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03267615","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Simbrunner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Caparr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Neuwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"K\u00f6nigshofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrig","family":"Marculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Trauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Scheiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Stary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Mandorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Reiberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Franc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320786","volume":"70","author":"TH Tranah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tranah TH, et al. 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DB has received travel support from AbbVie and Gilead, as well as speaker fees from AbbVie. PS received speaking honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Boehringer-Ingelheim, consulting fees from PharmaIN, and travel support from Falk and Phenex Pharmaceuticals.MP is an investigator for Bayer, BMS, Lilly, and Roche; he received speaker honoraria from Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Lilly, and MSD; he is a consultant for Bayer, BMS, Ipsen, Eisai, Lilly, MSD, and Roche; he received travel support from Bayer and BMS. MT received grant support from Albireo, Alnylam, Cymabay, Falk, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Takeda and Ultragenyx, honoraria for consulting from Abbvie, Albireo, BiomX, Boehringer Ingelheim, Falk, Genfit, Gilead, Hightide, Intercept, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Phenex, Pliant, Regulus and Shire, speaker fees from BMS, Falk, Gilead, Intercept MSD and Roche, as well as travel support from Abbvie, Falk, Gilead, Intercept, Jannsen and Rochet. MM served as a speaker and\/or consultant and\/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Collective Acumen, and W. L. Gore & Associates and received travel support from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Gilead. TR received grant support from Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, MSD, Philips Healthcare, Gore; speaking honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Gore, Intercept, Roche, MSD; consulting\/advisory board fee from Abbvie, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Siemens; and travel support from Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead and Roche.RF received grant support from Abbvie and Janssen and served as a speaker and\/or consultant and\/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Janssen, Takeda, Novartis, Adacyte and GSK. EC, RM, TN, and GS declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}