{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:06:46Z","timestamp":1792516006672,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T14:39:38Z","timestamp":1756651178000},"page":"1003-1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Management of acute variceal bleeding: updated APASL guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Shalimar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino Alvani","family":"Gani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-Hao","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Kadir","family":"Dokmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gin Ho","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Dong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand V.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necati","family":"Ormeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnain Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose D.","family":"Sollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahaj","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan Soek","family":"Siam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George K.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungsun","family":"Rerknimitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chih","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juferdy","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Mukund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Saran","family":"Baijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv. Kumar","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10894_CR1","unstructured":"de\u202fFranchis\u202fR, Bosch\u202fJ, GarciaTsao\u202fG, Reiberger\u202fT, Ripoll\u202fC; Baveno\u202fVII Faculty."},{"key":"10894_CR2","unstructured":"Baveno\u202fVII\u00a0\u2013 Renewing consensus in portal hypertension: personalized care for portal hypertension.\u00a0J Hepatol.\u00a02022;76(4):959\u2013974. 2.Stanley A, Laine LB. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ. 2019;364:1536."},{"issue":"5","key":"10894_CR3","first-page":"1189","volume":"79","author":"D Kaplan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaplan D, Ripoll C, Thiele M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2024;79(5):1189\u20131211","journal-title":"Hepatolol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10894_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01269.x","volume":"26","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Sollano JD, Chawla YK, Amarapurkar D, Hamid S, Hashizume M, et al. Consensus on extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Liver Int. 2006;26(5):512\u2013519","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9010-9","volume":"1","author":"S Sarin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarin S, Kumar A, Chawla Y, et al. Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis\/idiopathic portal hypertension: APASL recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Hepatol Int. 2007;1:398\u2013413","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR6","first-page":"398","volume":"1","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Angus PW, Baijal SS, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK, et al. Primary prophylaxis of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatol Int. 2008;1(4):398\u2013413","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balshem H, Helfand M, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol 2011 04;64(4):401\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR8","first-page":"191","volume":"43","author":"L Barbu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barbu L, Margaritescu N, Surlin M. Diagnosis and treatment algorithms of acute variceal bleeding. Curr Health Sci. 2017;43(3):191\u2013200","journal-title":"Curr Health Sci"},{"key":"10894_CR9","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Diagnosis and management of acute variceal bleeding. Clin Liver Dis. 2010;14(4):1\u201322.c"},{"key":"10894_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Franchis. Somatostatin, somatostatin analogues and other vasoactive drugs in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. Dig Liver Dis. 2000;36 (suppl.1): S93-S100)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2003.11.017"},{"key":"10894_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80127-9","volume":"25","author":"R de Franchis","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Developing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 1996;25:390\u2013394","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR12","unstructured":"de Franchis R (editor). Portal Hypertension II. Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1996."},{"key":"10894_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80320-7","volume":"33","author":"R de Franchis","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Updating consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno III consensus workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2000;33:846\u2013852","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Franchis R (editor). Portal Hypertension III. Proceedings of the IIIrd Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2001.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470760154"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.009","volume":"43","author":"R de Franchis","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2005;43(1):167\u2013176","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9236-9","volume":"5","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Angus PW, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute variceal bleeding: Asian Pacific Association for Study of the Liver recommendations. Hepatol Int. 2011;5(2):607\u2013624","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440104","volume":"344","author":"P Cales","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cales P, Masliah C, Bernard B, Garnier PP, Silvain C, SzostakTalbodec N, et al. Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):23\u201328","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10894_CR18","first-page":"1101","volume":"25","author":"M Kollef","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kollef M, O\u2019Brien J, Zuckerman G, et al. BLEED: A classification to predict outcome in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Crit CareMed. 1997;25:1101\u20131012","journal-title":"Crit CareMed"},{"key":"10894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslam M, Sanyal A, George J, et al. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol. 2020;158:1999=2014.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90698-X","volume":"32","author":"F Sutton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sutton F. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with esophageal varices: what is the most common source? Am J Med. 1987;32(3):273\u2013275","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000450","volume":"34","author":"M Haj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haj M, Rockey D. Predictors of clinical outcomes in cirrhosis patients. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(4):266\u2013271","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4968","volume":"9","author":"P Lemmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemmer P, Pospiech J, Canbay A. Liver failure\u2014future challenges and remaining questions. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(8):734","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28906","volume":"65","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes J, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatol. 2017;65(1):310\u2013335","journal-title":"Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.001","volume":"144","author":"A Berzigotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Arena U, et al. Elastography, spleen size, and platelet count identify portal hypertension in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. 2013;144(1):102-111.e101","journal-title":"Gastroenterolol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.022","volume":"94","author":"A Kamboj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamboj A, Hoversten P, Leggett C. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: etiologies and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(4):697\u2013703","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.028","volume":"154","author":"M Simon-Talero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simon-Talero M, Roccarina D, Martinez J, et al. Association between portosystemic shunts and increased complications and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. 2018;154(6):1694-1705.e1694","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR27","volume":"30","author":"J Vidal-Gonzales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vidal-Gonzales J, Martinez J, Mulay A, et al. Evolution of spontaneous portosystemic shunts over time and following aetiological intervention in patients with cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2023;30(2): 100977","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.021","volume":"72","author":"M Praktiknjo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Praktiknjo M, Simon-Talero M, Romer J, et al. Total area of spontaneous portosystemic shunts independently predicts hepatic encephalopathy and mortality in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2020;72(6):1140\u20131150","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2279-1","volume":"44","author":"E Zardi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zardi E, Uwechie V, Caccavo D, et al. Portosystemic shunts in a large cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis: detection rate and clinical relevance. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(1):76\u201383","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E110","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12246","volume":"44","author":"H Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou H, Chen T, Zhang X, et al. Diameters of left gastric vein and its originating vein on magnetic resonance imaging in liver cirrhosis patients with hepatitis B: association with endoscopic grades of esophageal varices. Hepatol Res. 2014;44:E110-117","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10894_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.12.001","volume":"18","author":"Y Iwakiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iwakiri Y. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis. 2014;18:281\u2013291","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"35","key":"10894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10184","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i35.10184","volume":"21","author":"X Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen T, Zhang X, et al. Platelet count combined with right liver volume and spleen volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging for identifying cirrhosis and esophageal varices. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(35):10184\u201310191","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10894_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.01.003","volume":"31","author":"J Klasen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klasen J, Lanzman R, Wittsack H, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the spleen in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;31(7):1092\u20131096","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-015-0391-2","volume":"40","author":"A Razek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Razek A, Massoud S, Azziz M, El-Bendary M, Zalata K, Motawea E. Prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients with apparent diffusion coefficient of the spleen. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(6):1465\u20131469","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR35","first-page":"1394","volume":"24","author":"M Ronot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ronot M, Lambert S, Elkrief L, et al. Assessment of portal hypertension and high-risk oesophageal varices with liver and spleen three-dimensional multifrequency MR elastography in liver cirrhosis. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(6):1394\u20131402","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14130916","volume":"272","author":"S Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin S, Lee J, Yu M, et al. Prediction of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: usefulness of three-dimensional MR elastography with echo-planar imaging technique. Radiology. 2014;272(1):143\u2013153","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.021","volume":"65","author":"N Palaniyappan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palaniyappan N, Cox E, Bradley C, et al. Non-invasive assessment of portal hypertension using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. J Hepatol. 2016;65(6):1131\u20131139","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061031","volume":"13","author":"S Pallio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pallio S, Melita G, Shahini E, et al. Diagnosis and management of esophagogastric varices. Diagnostics. 2023;13: 1031","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10894_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i18.2247","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Li L, Weng H, Liebe R, Ding H. Computed tomography vs liver stiffness measurement and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v26.i18.2247","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2014.08.001","volume":"43","author":"G Rotondano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotondano G. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43:643\u2013663","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10894_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.763174","volume":"48","author":"J Hreinsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hreinsson J, Kalaitzakis E, Gudmundsson S, Bj\u00f6rnsson E. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology and outcomes in a population-based setting. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:439\u2013447","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10894_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4882-6","volume":"63","author":"B Wuerth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wuerth B, Rockey D. Changing epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the last decade: a nationwide analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;63(5):1286\u20131293","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10894_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.20","volume":"4","author":"A Lanas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanas A, Dumonceau J, Hunt R, et al. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4: 18020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10894_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.031","volume":"123","author":"A Barkun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barkun A, Leontiadis G. Systematic review of the symptom burden, quality of life impairment and costs associated with peptic ulcer disease. Am J Med. 2010;123:358\u2013366","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10894_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91770-X","volume":"2","author":"J Forrest","year":"1974","unstructured":"Forrest J, Finlayson N, Shearman D. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet. 1974;2:394\u2013397","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10894_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010729","volume":"21","author":"W Heldwein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Heldwein W, Schreiner J, Pedrazzoli J, Lehnert P. Is the Forrest classification a useful tool for planning endoscopic therapy of bleeding peptic ulcers? Endoscopy. 1989;21:258\u2013262","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10894_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1001336","volume":"30","author":"J Lau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lau J, et al. The evolution of stigmata of hemorrhage in bleeding peptic ulcers: a sequential endoscopic study. Endoscopy. 1998;30:513\u2013518","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"10447","key":"10894_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00155-7","volume":"404","author":"M Almadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almadi M, Lu Y, Alali A, Barkun A. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet. 2024;404(10447):68\u201381","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10894_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2017.03.003","volume":"98","author":"C Aub\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aub\u00e9 C, Bazeries P, Lebigot J, Cartier V, Boursier J. Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cirrhosis-related nodules: imaging diagnosis and surveillance. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2017;98:455\u2013468","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20375","volume":"16","author":"JH Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung JH, Jo JH, Kim SE, Bang CS, Seo SI, Park CH, et al. Minimal and maximal extent of band ligation for acute variceal bleeding during the first endoscopic session. Gut Liver. 2022;16(1):101\u2013110","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"11","key":"10894_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1939-4887","volume":"54","author":"I Gralnek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gralnek I, Camus Duboc M, Garcia-Pagan J, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2022;54(11):1094\u20131120","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10894_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarin S, D L, Saxena S, Murthy N, Makwana U. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992;16(6):1343\u20131349.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70117-5","volume":"29","author":"Y Kupfer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kupfer Y, Cappell M, Tessler S. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. The intensivist\u2019s perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2000;29(2):275\u2013307","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10894_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong YJ, Buckholz A, Sim A, et al. Nonalcohol-related cirrhosis leads to higher 6-week mortality after acute variceal bleeding than alcohol-related cirrhosis.\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024. 54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.10.022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10894_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15606","volume":"43","author":"A Villagrasa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Villagrasa A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gea V, Bataller R, et al. Alcohol-related liver disease phenotype impacts survival after an acute variceal bleeding episode. Liver Int. 2023;43(7):1548\u20131557","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10894_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/18753183-v12-e2207040","volume":"12","author":"M Elhendawy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elhendawy M, Eldesouky A, Soliman S, Mansour L, AbdElsalam S, Hawash N. AIMS65 and PALBI scores as predictors of six months\u2019 mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. Open Biomark J. 2022;12: e187531832207040","journal-title":"Open Biomark J"},{"key":"10894_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","volume":"371","author":"D Schuppan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuppan D, Afdhal N. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008;371:838\u2013851","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11377-009-0340-0","volume":"2009","author":"T Berg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berg T. Diagnostics for elevated liver values. Gastroenterologe. 2009;2009(4):557\u2013572","journal-title":"Gastroenterologe"},{"issue":"10308","key":"10894_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","volume":"398","author":"P Gin\u00e8s","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gin\u00e8s P, Krag A, Abraldes J, Sol\u00e0 E, Fabrellas N, Kamath P. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2021;398(10308):1359\u20131376","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.09.009","volume":"158","author":"D Shung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shung D, Au B, Taylor R, et al. Validation of a machine learning model that outperforms clinical risk scoring systems for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol. 2019;158(1):160\u2013167","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100245","volume":"28","author":"R Levi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levi R, Carli F, Ar\u00e9valo A, et al. Artificial intelligence-based prediction of transfusion in the intensive care unit in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2021;28(1): e100245","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_95_17","volume":"5","author":"F Alshamsi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alshamsi F, Jaeschke R, Baw B, Alhazzani W. Prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding undergoing endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi J Med Sci. 2017;5(3):201\u2013209","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"10894_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090603","volume":"9","author":"D Kravetz","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kravetz D, Bosch J, Arderiu M, et al. Hemodynamic effects of blood volume restitution following a hemorrhage in rats with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver: influence of the extent of portal-systemic shunting. Hepatology. 1989;9:808\u2013814","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90390-2","volume":"90","author":"D Kravetz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kravetz D, Sikuler E, Groszmann R. Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution. Gastroenterolol. 1986;90:1232\u20131240","journal-title":"Gastroenterolol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10894_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v14.i7.1421","volume":"14","author":"S Biswas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biswas S, Vaishnav M, Pathak P, et al. Effect of thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion on outcomes of acute variceal bleeding in patients with chronic liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2022;14(7):1421\u20131437","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10894_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14936","volume":"41","author":"A Mohanty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohanty A, Kapuria D, Canakis A, et al. Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in acute variceal haemorrhage: results from a multicentre cohort study. Liver Int. 2021;41(8):1901\u20131908","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10894_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rout G, Shalimar, Gunjan D, et al. Thromboelastography-guided blood product transfusion in cirrhosis patients with variceal bleeding: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(3):255\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001214"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1776338","volume":"13","author":"O Agha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agha O, Alsayid M, Reynolds J. Nasoenteric tube placement in patients with esophageal varices: a review of current evidence and society guideline. Avicenna J Med. 2023;13(4):193\u2013198","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med"},{"key":"10894_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox024","author":"M Mallet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mallet M, Rudler M, Thabut D. Variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterol Rep. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gastro\/gox024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082","volume":"35","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Navasa M, G\u00f3mez J, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 2002;35(1):140\u2013148","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR71","unstructured":"Runyon B. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in adults: treatment and prophylaxis, UpToDate. 2023; https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/spontaneous-bacterial-peritonitis-in-adults-treatment-and-prophylaxis?sectionName=Choosing+a+regimen&topicRef=1254&anchor=H80470555& source=see_link#H80470555."},{"key":"10894_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05088.x","volume":"35","author":"M Wells","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wells M, Chande N, Adams P, et al. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:1267\u20131278","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10894_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.05.022","volume":"63","author":"R de Franchis","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Franchis R. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743\u2013752","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR74","first-page":"10","volume":"17","author":"H Shah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shah H, Mumtaz K, Jafri W, et al. The role of octreotide in acute variceal bleeding; a prospective, randomized study. Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005;17(1):10\u201314","journal-title":"Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-3191","volume":"30","author":"J Huaringa-Marcelo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huaringa-Marcelo J, Huaman M, Condorena A, et al. Vasoactive agents for the management of acute variceal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Liver Dis. 2021;30(1):110\u2013121","journal-title":"Gastrointest Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.019","volume":"56","author":"Z Azam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azam Z, Hamid S, Jafri W. Short course adjuvant terlipressin in acute variceal bleeding: a randomized double blind dummy controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2012;56(4):819\u2013824","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000300","volume":"27","author":"R Sudhagar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudhagar R, Sheik A, Sarath S, et al. Comparison of 2 days versus 5 days of octreotide infusion along with endoscopic therapy in prevention of early rebleed from esophageal varices: a randomized clinical study. Eur J Gastroenterol. 2015;27:386\u2013392","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR78","first-page":"617","volume":"104","author":"S Abid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abid S, Jafri W, Saeed H, et al. Terlipressin vs octreotide in bleeding esophageal varices as adjuvant therapy with endoscopic band ligation: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Am J Gatroenterolol. 2009;104:617\u2013623","journal-title":"Am J Gatroenterolol"},{"key":"10894_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9594-9","volume":"9","author":"W Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan W, Han J, Xiao L. Efficacy of vasopressin\/terlipressin and somatostatin \/octreotide for the prevention of early variceal rebleeding after the initial control of bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2015;9:120\u2013129","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-025-08851-0","volume":"70","author":"S Biswas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biswas S, Lo GH, Mehta S, Elhence A, Wong YJ, Vaishnav M, et al. Abbreviated duration of vasoactive agents has similar outcomes as standard duration of therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis and variceal bleeding: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2025;70(3):1201\u20131214","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10416-6","volume":"17","author":"V Arora","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arora V, Choudhary S, Maiwall R, et al. Low-dose continuous terlipressin infusion is effective and safer than intravenous bolus injections in reducing portal pressure and control of acute variceal bleeding. Hepatol Int. 2023;17(1):131\u2013138","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000505059","volume":"102","author":"L Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin L, Cui B, Deng Y, Jiang X, Liu W, Sun C. The efficacy of proton pump inhibitor in cirrhotics with variceal bleeding: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Digestion. 2021;102(2):117\u2013127","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10894_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0472-0","volume":"47","author":"H Hidaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hidaka H, Nakazawa T, Wang G, et al. Long-term administration of PPI reduces treatment failures after esophageal variceal band ligation: a randomized,controlled trial. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:118\u2013126","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1456918","volume":"12","author":"J Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu J, Qi X, Yu H, Su C, Guo X. Acid suppression in patients treated with endoscopic therapy for the management of gastroesophageal varices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;12(6):617\u2013624","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20593","volume":"41","author":"N Shaheen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shaheen N, Stuart E, Schmitz S, et al. Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 2005;41(3):588\u2013594","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014559244","volume":"49","author":"W Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo W, Wilby K, Ensom M. Use of proton pump inhibitors in the management of gastroesophageal varices: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(2):207\u2013219","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.05.008","volume":"13","author":"SA Lashen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lashen SA, Shamseya MM, Shamseya AM, Hablass FA. Efficacy of vonoprazan vs. pantoprazole or non-acid suppression in prevention of post-variceal ligation ulcer bleeding in portal hypertension: a multiarm randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2023;13(6):962\u2013971","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.05.008","volume":"13","author":"S Lashen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lashen S, Shamseya M, Shamseya A, Hablass F. Efficacy of vonoprazan vs. pantoprazole or non-acid suppression in prevention of post-variceal ligation ulcer bleeding in portal hypertension: a multi-arm randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2023;13:962\u2013971","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000817","volume":"80","author":"M Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar M, Venishetty S, Jindal A, et al. Tranexamic acid in upper gastrointestinal bleed in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2024;80(2):376\u2013388","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10894_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1547-2282","volume":"53","author":"AM Veitch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veitch AM, Vanbiervliet G, Gershlick AH, et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, including direct oral anticoagulants: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guidelines. Endoscopy. 2021;53(9):947\u2013969","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10894_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","volume":"39","author":"M Hou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hou M, Lin H, Liu T, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2004;39:746\u2013753","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter A, Marika R, O P, Lucile M, Tr\u00e9po E, Ang\u00e8le R. Combination of model for end\u2010stage liver disease and lactate predicts death in patients treated with salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory variceal bleeding. Hepatol. 2021;74(4):2085\u20132101.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31913"},{"key":"10894_CR93","first-page":"264","volume":"24","author":"N Magifira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Magifira N, Rozzaqi A, Jasiwrwan C, Suhartono R. Surgical shunting versus TIPS for recurrent variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis: An evidence-based case report. The Indonesion J Gastroenterolol, hepatol digest. 2023;24:264\u2013269","journal-title":"The Indonesion J Gastroenterolol, hepatol digest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678726","volume":"39","author":"S Rodrigues","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues S, C\u00e1rdenas A, Escorsell A, Bosch J. Balloon tamponade and esophageal stenting for esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Liver Dis. 2019;39(2):178\u2013194","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10894_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02766-8","volume":"23","author":"M Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng M, Bai Z, Zhou D, et al. Timing of endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23:219","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02595-1","volume":"22","author":"X Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan X, Leng Z, Xu Q, Zhang Z, Xu M, Li J. The influences of timing of urgent endoscopy in patients with acute variceal bleeding: a cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):506","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10897-3","volume":"12","author":"J Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim J, Gong E, Seo M, et al. Timing of endoscopy in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6833","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10894_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Z, Xuang Y, Huiling XL, Z, Yuan L, Wang X, Dang T. Timing of endoscopy for acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis (CHESS1905): A nationwide cohort study. Hepatol Comm. 2023;7(5):e0152.","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000230"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.03.252","volume":"76","author":"T Ben-Menachem","year":"2012","unstructured":"ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Ben-Menachem T, Decker G, Early D, et al. Adverse events of upper GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(4):707\u2013718","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10894_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9616-0","volume":"52","author":"D Koch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koch D, Arguedas M, Fallon M. Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: the value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:225\u20132228","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR101","first-page":"500","volume":"86","author":"U Hayat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayat U, Lee P, Ulah H, Servepalli S, Lopez R, Vargo J. Association of prophylactic endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients with upper GI bleeding and cardiopulmonary unplanned events. Gastrointest Liver Dis. 2016;86(3):500\u2013509","journal-title":"Gastrointest Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12195","volume":"4","author":"D Chaudhuri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaudhuri D, Bishay K, Tandon P, et al. Prophylactic endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients with upper gastrointestinal bleed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JGH Open. 2019;4(1):22\u201328","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"issue":"10S","key":"10894_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e446","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000859228.93417.90","volume":"117","author":"S Pasha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasha S, Tarar Z, Chela H, McDermott A, Ghouri Y, Bechtold M. Should prophylactic endotracheal intubation be performed in upper GI bleeding? A meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(10S):e446","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10894_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13610","volume":"32","author":"C Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park C, Park S, Jung J, et al. Clinical outcomes of sedation during emergency endoscopic band ligation for variceal bleeding: multicenter cohort study. Dig Endosc. 2020;32(6):894\u2013903","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07698-z","volume":"68","author":"M Aziz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aziz M, Haghbin H, Gangwani M, et al. Erythromycin improves the quality of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a network meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2023;68(4):1435\u20131446","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10894_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57913-2","author":"P Manupeeraphant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manupeeraphant P, Wanichagool D, Songlin T, et al. Intravenous metoclopramide for increasing endoscopic mucosal visualization in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-57913-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10894_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2202-8050","volume":"11","author":"BR Patra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patra BR, Harindranath S, Ansari AA, et al. Utility of gastroscopy in the left lateral semi-recumbent position: A blood-free coup! Endosc Int Open. 2023;11(12):1168\u20131174","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80248-6","volume":"26","author":"S Sarin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sarin S, Govil A, Jain A, et al. Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for esophageal varices: influence on gastropathy, gastric varices and variceal recurrence. J Hepatol. 1997;26(4):826\u2013832","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032005000200002","volume":"42","author":"A Ferrari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferrari A, De-Paulo G, De-Macedo C, Ara\u00fajo I, Della Libera E. Efficacy of absolute alcohol injection compared with band ligation in the eradication of esophageal varices. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005;42(2):72\u201376","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10894_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000524529","volume":"16","author":"K Kalista","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalista K, Hanif S, Nababan S, Lesmana C, Hasan I, Gani R. The clinical role of endoscopic ultrasound for management of bleeding esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2022;16(2):295\u2013300","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10894_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e761","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1814-4140","volume":"54","author":"J Rivory","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rivory J, Pioche M, Dumortier J, et al. Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil and cyanoacrylate treatment of challenging esophageal varices bleeding associated with CREST syndrome ulcerative esophagitis. Endosc. 2022;54(12):e761-762","journal-title":"Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.08.004","volume":"26","author":"R Oleas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oleas R, Robles-Medranda C. Endoscopic treatment of gastric and ectopic varices. Clin Liver Dis. 2022;26(1):39\u201350","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10894_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.872881","volume":"9","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhang W, Xiang H, et al. Treatment strategies in emergency endoscopy for acute esophageal variceal bleeding (CHESS1905): a nationwide cohort study. Front Med. 2022;9: 872881","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10894_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019485","volume":"99","author":"Z Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Z, Sun X, Zhang W, et al. Second urgent endoscopy within 48-hour benefits cirrhosis patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Medicine. 2020;99(11): e19485","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10894_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)33101-3","volume":"152","author":"K Jamwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamwal K, Kumar M, Maiwall R, Kumar G, Sharma B, Sarin S. Post EVL (endoscopic variceal ligation) ulcer bleeding: A new classification and outcomes. Gastroenterol. 2017;152(5):S908","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR116","first-page":"1006","volume":"1","author":"KD Jamwal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jamwal KD, Post EVL. Bleeding Ulcers: A Pictorial Mini Re view. Clin Cases Med. 2021;1(1):1006","journal-title":"Clin Cases Med"},{"key":"10894_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.270","volume":"51","author":"D Tripathi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tripathi D, Therapondos G, Jackson E, Redhead D, Hayes P. The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations. Gut. 2005;51:270\u2013274","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10894_CR118","first-page":"122","volume":"58","author":"M Rinella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rinella M, Shah D, Vogelzang R, Blei A, Flamm S. Fundal variceal bleeding after correction of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:122\u2013127","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10894_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12629","volume":"5","author":"S Chirapongsathorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chirapongsathorn S, Manatsathit W, Farrell A, Suksamai A. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection in the management of gastric varices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JGH Open. 2021;5(9):1047\u20131055","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"10894_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.058","volume":"126","author":"B Ryan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ryan B, Stockbrugger R, Ryan J. A pathophysiologic, gastroenterologic, and radiologic approach to the management of gastric varices. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1175\u20131189","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10894_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05622.x","volume":"97","author":"S Sarin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarin S, Jain A, Jain M, Gupta R. A randomized controlled trial of cyanoacrylate versus alcohol injection in patients with isolated fundic varices. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1010\u20131015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24116","volume":"33","author":"G Lo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lo G, Lai K, Cheng J, Chen M, Chiang H. A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology. 2001;33:1060\u20131064","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21145","volume":"43","author":"P Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan P, Hou M, Lin H, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology. 2006;43:690\u2013697","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966591","volume":"39","author":"G Lo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lo G, Liang H, Chen W, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Endosc. 2007;39:679\u2013685","journal-title":"Endosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10894_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.04.035","volume":"35","author":"J Nadler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadler J, Stankovic N, Uber A, et al. Outcomes in variceal hemorrhage following the use of a balloon tamponade device. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(10):1500\u20131502","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10894_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20386","volume":"40","author":"A Monescillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Monescillo A, Martinez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatol. 2004;40:793\u2013801","journal-title":"Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicoara-Farcau O, Han G, Rudler M, Angrisani D, Monescillo A, Torres F, et al. Pre-emptive TIPS in high-risk acute variceal bleeding. An updated and revised individual patient data meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2024;79(3):624\u2013635","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000613"},{"key":"10894_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee EW, Saab S, Eghbalieh N, Ding PX, Jeon UB, Ohm JY, et al. Coil or plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO\/PARTO) for treating portal hypertensive variceal bleeding: A multicenter, real-world 10-year retrospective study. Hepatology. 2025 Feb 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001255. Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001255"},{"key":"10894_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard B, Cardanel J. Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Gastroenterol. 1995;108(1828\u20131834).","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90146-9"},{"key":"10894_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270504","volume":"27","author":"J Goulis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D, et al. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 1998;27:1207\u20131212","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard B, Grange J, Khac EA, X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis. Hepatol. 1999;29:1655\u20131661.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608"},{"key":"10894_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20236","volume":"39","author":"A Avgerinos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Stefanidis G, et al. Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2004;39:1623\u20131630","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.016","volume":"45","author":"C Villanueva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol. 2006;45:560\u2013567","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70455-5","volume":"117","author":"E Moitinho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moitinho E, Escorsell A, Bandi J, et al. Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterol. 1999;117:626\u2013631","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70031-R","volume":"100","author":"J Ready","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ready J, Robertson A, Goff J, Rector W. Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure. Gastroenterol. 1991;100:1403\u20131410","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10894_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.10.008","volume":"48","author":"J Abraldes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abraldes J, Villanueva C, Banares R, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol. 2008;48:229\u2013236","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10894_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Planella M, Aracil C, Lopez-Balaguer JG, B, Minana J, et al. Hemodynamic effects of terlipressin and high somatostatin dose during acute variceal bleeding in nonresponders to the usual somatostatin dose. Am J Gatroenterolol. 2005;100:623\u2013630.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40665.x"},{"key":"10894_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9074-1","volume":"2","author":"A Helmy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helmy A, Al Kahtani K, Al FM. Updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic varices. Hepatol Int. 2008;2:322\u2013334","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10894_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.129.3.514","volume":"129","author":"M Kinkhabwala","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kinkhabwala M, Mousavi A, Iyer S, Adamsons R. Bleeding ileal varicosity demonstrated by transhepatic portography. Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:514\u2013516","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10894_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-004-0148-8","volume":"28","author":"T Macedo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Macedo T, Andrews J, Kamath P. Ectopic varices in the gastrointestinal tract: short- and long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28:178\u2013184","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10894_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.2.1780362","volume":"179","author":"N Hidajat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hidajat N, Stobbe H, Hosten N, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and transjugular embolization of bleeding rectal varices in portal hypertension. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:362\u2013363","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10894_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","volume":"46","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal A, Grace N, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(3):922\u2013938","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06020-6","volume":"353","author":"J Goulis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs A. Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal hemorrhage. Lancet. 1999;353:139\u2013142","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10894_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300222","volume":"30","author":"C Villanueva","year":"1999","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Ortiz J, Sabat M, et al. Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology. 1999;30:384\u2013389","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10894_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","volume":"346","author":"S Levacher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levacher S, Letoumelin P, Pateron D, Blaise M, Lapandry C, Pourriat J. Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet. 1995;346:865\u2013868","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10894_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","volume":"19","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"1999","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19:475\u2013505","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10894_CR147","first-page":"491","volume":"55","author":"BL Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider BL, Bosch J, de Franchis R, Emre SH, Groszmann RJ, Ling SC, et al. Portal hypertension in children: expert pediatric opinion on the report of the Baveno V Consensus Workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(4):491\u2013495","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10894_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.09.010","volume":"54","author":"FPS Bello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bello FPS, Cardoso S, Tannuri AC, Preto-Xamperlini M, Schvartsman C, Farhat SCL. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to portal hypertension in children: What is the best timing of endoscopy? Dig Liver Dis. 2022;54(1):63\u201368","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T20:02:39Z","timestamp":1759953759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}