{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:11:21Z","timestamp":1792613481872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:52:07Z","timestamp":1761396727000},"page":"149-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diabetes mellitus is linked to higher mortality in alcohol-related acute-on-chronic liver failure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Maiwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Rela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Jothimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun A.","family":"Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshad","family":"Devarbhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chundamannil E.","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Yaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan","family":"Zhongping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed S.","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna S.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Jafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Saraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omesh","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Midha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sombat","family":"Treeprasertsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kessarin","family":"Thanapirom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameet","family":"Mandot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravikiran","family":"Maghade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentius A.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinaldi C.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasmik","family":"Ghazinyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virukalpatti G. Mohan","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul K.","family":"Dokmeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose D.","family":"Sollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaigham","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananta","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George K.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Payawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal E.","family":"Shiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Duseja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nipun","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padaki N.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand V.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithun","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radha K.","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahinul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yokosuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debashis","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek A.","family":"Saraswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan K.","family":"Kedarisetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam N.","family":"Yattoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Koshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Patwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elbasiony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravin M.","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Maharshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishwa M.","family":"Dayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish K.","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemal F.","family":"Kalista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino A.","family":"Gani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man F.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaskanta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta A.","family":"Sargsyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien H.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh S.","family":"Mukewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruveena B.","family":"Rajaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Panackel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Dadhich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanatan","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabir","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Kamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemamala V.","family":"Saithanyamurthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathik","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendra S.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Goenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Kalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnadas","family":"Devadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gupse","family":"Adali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hithanadura J.","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0544-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiv K.","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) for APASL ACLF working Party","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10773-4","volume":"19","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choudhury A, Kulkarni AV, Arora V, Soin AS, Dokmeci AK, Chowdhury A, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF): the \u2019Kyoto Consensus\u2019-steps from Asia. Hepatol Int. 2025;19:1\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-024-10773-4","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09946-3","volume":"13","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol Int. 2019;13:353\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-019-09946-3","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","volume":"3","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kumar A, Almeida JA, Chawla YK, Fan ST, Garg H, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL). Hepatol Int. 2009;3:269\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-008-9106-x","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","volume":"8","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, Amarapurkar D, Bihari C, Chan AC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatol Int. 2014;8:453\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-014-9580-2","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.12.010","volume":"12","author":"MP Ballester","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ballester MP, Sittner R, Jalan R. Alcohol and acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12:1360\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.12.010","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10914_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.10.022","volume":"53","author":"R Rosenblatt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenblatt R, Atteberry P, Tafesh Z, Ravikumar A, Crawford CV, Lucero C, et al. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus increases risk of infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis Off J Ital Soc Gastroenterol Ital Assoc Study Liver. 2021;53:445\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2020.10.022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis Off J Ital Soc Gastroenterol Ital Assoc Study Liver"},{"key":"10914_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2014.06.002","volume":"30","author":"C-H Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang C-H, Chiu Y-C, Chen C-H, Chen C-H, Tsai M-C, Chuah S-K, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2014;30:515\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjms.2014.06.002","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10914_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020262","volume":"10","author":"LI Coman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coman LI, Coman OA, B\u0103d\u0103r\u0103u IA, P\u0103unescu H, Cioc\u00eerlan M. Association between liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus: a review on hepatic outcomes. J Clin Med. 2021;10:262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10020262","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10914_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i23.3372","volume":"27","author":"R-M Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai R-M, Chen T-B, Hu Y-H, Wu G, Zheng Q. Effect of type 2 diabetic mellitus in the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients in China. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:3372\u20133385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v27.i23.3372","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10914_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111615","volume":"210","author":"Z Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin Z, Zhang Q, Liu K, Wang S, Yan Y, Zhang B, et al. The association between interleukin family and diabetes mellitus and its complications: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;210: 111615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111615","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10914_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010463","volume":"22","author":"SY Cheon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheon SY, Song J. The association between hepatic encephalopathy and diabetic encephalopathy: the brain-liver axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22010463","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10914_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12330","volume":"26","author":"SS Yarandi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yarandi SS, Srinivasan S. Diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and the role of enteric nervous system: current status and future directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil Off J Eur Gastrointest Motil Soc. 2014;26:611\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.12330","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil Off J Eur Gastrointest Motil Soc"},{"key":"10914_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10629-3","volume":"18","author":"D-S Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D-S, Yoon Y-I, Kim BK, Choudhury A, Kulkarni A, Park JY, et al. Asian pacific association for the study of the liver clinical practice guidelines on liver transplantation. Hepatol Int. 2024;18:299\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-023-10629-3","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10463-z","volume":"17","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maiwall R, Pasupuleti SSR, Choudhury A, Kim DJ, Sood A, Goyal O, et al. AARC score determines outcomes in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis: a multinational study. Hepatol Int. 2023;17:662\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-022-10463-z","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10914_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31588-1","volume":"10","author":"JOJ Quintana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quintana JOJ, Garc\u00eda-Compean D, Gonz\u00e1lez JAG, P\u00e9rez JZV, Gonz\u00e1lez FJL, Espinosa LEM, et al. The impact of diabetes mellitus in mortality of patients with compensated liver cirrhosis-a prospective study. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10:56\u201362","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10914_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2337\/cd16-0018","volume":"35","author":"M Stepanova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stepanova M, Clement S, Wong R, Saab S, Ahmed A, Younossi ZM. Patients with diabetes and chronic liver disease are at increased risk for overall mortality: a population study from the United States. Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc. 2017;35:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd16-0018","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc"},{"key":"10914_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5514","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i20.5514","volume":"9","author":"Z-J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Z-J, Yan Y-J, Weng H-L, Ding H-G. Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases liver transplant-free mortality in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9:5514\u20135525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i20.5514","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10914_CR18","first-page":"45","volume":"11","author":"OO Oguntibeju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oguntibeju OO. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2019;11:45\u201363","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10914_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.157","volume":"107","author":"B Giri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giri B, Dey S, Das T, Sarkar M, Banerjee J, Dash SK. Chronic hyperglycemia mediated physiological alteration and metabolic distortion leads to organ dysfunction, infection, cancer progression and other pathophysiological consequences: an update on glucose toxicity. Biomed Pharmacother Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:306\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.157","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10914_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040542","volume":"12","author":"M Khalid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalid M, Petroianu G, Adem A. Advanced glycation end products and diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and perspectives. Biomolecules. 2022;12:542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12040542","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10914_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00561-7","volume":"53","author":"W Rungratanawanich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rungratanawanich W, Qu Y, Wang X, Essa MM, Song B-J. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:168\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-021-00561-7","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"10914_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210449","volume":"16","author":"L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen L, Dai J, Xie Q, Wang X, Cai W. Metabolic risk factors are associated with the disease severity and prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute on chronic liver failure. Gut Liver. 2022;16:456\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl210449","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10914_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06102-x","volume":"67","author":"RIG Holt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt RIG, Cockram CS, Ma RCW, Luk AOY. Diabetes and infection: review of the epidemiology, mechanisms and principles of treatment. Diabetologia. 2024;67:1168\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06102-x","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10914_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01130.x","volume":"25","author":"R Sugimoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sugimoto R, Enjoji M, Kohjima M, Tsuruta S, Fukushima M, Iwao M, et al. High glucose stimulates hepatic stellate cells to proliferate and to produce collagen through free radical production and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Liver Int. 2005;25:1018\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01130.x","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10914_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9354-2","volume":"28","author":"J Ampuero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ampuero J, Ranchal I, Del Mar D\u00edaz-Herrero M, Del Campo JA, Bautista JD, Romero-G\u00f3mez M. Role of diabetes mellitus on hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2013;28:277\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-012-9354-2","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10914_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01562.x","volume":"27","author":"E Kalaitzakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Olsson R, Henfridsson P, Hugosson I, Bengtsson M, Jalan R, et al. Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2007;27:1194\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01562.x","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10914_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002951","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar A, Arora A, Choudhury A, Arora V, Rela M, Jothimani DK, et al. Impact of diabetes, drug-induced liver injury, and sepsis on outcomes in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002951","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10914_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.044","volume":"14","author":"A Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, Anikhindi SA, Bansal N, Singla V, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:535\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.044","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10914_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.102378","volume":"15","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, Jan S, Ara I. Visceral fat and diabetes: associations with liver fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2025;15: 102378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.102378","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10914_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.102500","volume":"15","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar A. Introducing, \u201cALD-Met\u201d: bridging the gap between \u201cMetALD\u201d and \u201cALD\u201d for heavy drinkers with metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2025;15: 102500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.102500","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:42:19Z","timestamp":1771598539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-025-10914-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}