{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:45:32Z","timestamp":1793389532509,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:09:15Z","timestamp":1783102155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Taiwan, 2001\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Lun","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyng-Yuan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Cheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ju","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yen","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hsuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwai-I.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Yun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Jung","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee-Fu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Yen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Long","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Lung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"11123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.45525","volume":"7","author":"S Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu S, Cai J, Yang Z, He X, Xing Z, Zu J, et al. Trends in hepatocellular carcinoma mortality rates in the US and projections through 2040. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(11): e2445525","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"11123_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.005","volume":"21","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terrault NA, Francoz C, Berenguer M, Charlton M, Heimbach J. Liver transplantation 2023: status report, current and future challenges. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(8):2150\u20132166","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"11123_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.01.019","volume":"27","author":"SA Alqahtani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alqahtani SA, Chan WK, Yu ML. Hepatic outcomes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis. 2023;27(2):211\u2013223","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"11123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","volume":"79","author":"VW Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong VW, Ekstedt M, Wong GL, Hagstrom H. Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2023;79(3):842\u2013852","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"11123_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28785","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Blissett D, Blissett R, Henry L, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology. 2016;64(5):1577\u20131586","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"11123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16592","volume":"39","author":"YT Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen YT, Chen TI, Yin SC, Huang CW, Huang JF, Lu SN, et al. Prevalence, proportions of elevated liver enzyme levels, and long-term cardiometabolic mortality of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;39(9):1939\u20131949","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"11123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.03.014","volume":"119","author":"JF Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang JF, Tsai PC, Yeh ML, Huang CF, Huang CI, Hsieh MH, et al. Risk stratification of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across body mass index in a community basis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(1 Pt 1):89\u201396","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"11123_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.011","volume":"82","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Zelber-Sagi S, Kuglemas C, Lazarus JV, Paik A, de Avila L, et al. Association of food insecurity with MASLD prevalence and liver-related mortality. J Hepatol. 2025;82(2):203\u2013210","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"11123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.013","volume":"80","author":"H Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji H, Cheng S, Heart-Liver Axis Research C. Sex differences in prevalence and prognosis of steatotic liver disease phenotypes: biological sex matters. J Hepatol. 2024;80(2):e68\u2013e69","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11123_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112334","volume":"184","author":"M Georgieva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Georgieva M, Xenodochidis C, Krasteva N. Old age as a risk factor for liver diseases: modern therapeutic approaches. Exp Gerontol. 2023;184: 112334","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11123_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002749","volume":"119","author":"JM Paik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paik JM, Duong S, Zelber-Sagi S, Lazarus JV, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Food insecurity, low household income, and low education level increase the risk of having metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among adolescents in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119(6):1089\u20131101","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11123_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","volume":"78","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1966\u20131986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"11123_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00086-4","volume":"11","author":"N Stefan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefan N, Schulze MB. Metabolic health and cardiometabolic risk clusters: implications for prediction, prevention, and treatment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(6):426\u2013440","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11123_CR14","first-page":"322","volume":"70","author":"S Dabbah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dabbah S, Ben Yakov G, Kaufmann MI, Cohen-Ezra O, Likhter M, Davidov Y, et al. Predictors of advanced liver fibrosis and the performance of fibrosis scores: lean compared to non-lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino). 2024;70(3):322\u2013331","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino)"},{"key":"11123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103797","author":"R Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong R, Tian T, Luo Z, Chang D, Xue H, Qu S, et al. Cardiometabolic phenotype linked to fibrosis and mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103797","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10576-z","volume":"18","author":"CI Shih","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shih CI, Wu KT, Hsieh MH, Yang JF, Chen YY, Tsai WL, et al. Severity of fatty liver is highly correlated with the risk of hypertension and diabetes: a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study. Hepatol Int. 2024;18(1):138\u2013154","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"11123_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100197","volume":"2","author":"YA Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng YA, Chen CY, Chen TT, Kuo PH, Hsu YH, Yang HI, et al. Taiwan biobank: a rich biomedical research database of the Taiwanese population. Cell Genom. 2022;2(11): 100197","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"issue":"6","key":"11123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744-g","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw282","volume":"46","author":"X Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu X, Tsai SP, Tsao CK, Chiu ML, Tsai MK, Lu PJ, et al. Cohort profile: the Taiwan MJ cohort: half a million Chinese with repeated health surveillance data. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1744-g","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"11123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","volume":"23","author":"PS Rosenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenberg PS, Check DP, Anderson WF. A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(11):2296\u20132302","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"11123_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2025.101898","volume":"30","author":"C Kan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kan C, Zhang K, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Ma Y, et al. Global burden and future trends of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: 1990\u20132021 to 2045. Ann Hepatol. 2025;30(2): 101898","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"11123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19236","volume":"14","author":"M Tobari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tobari M, Hashimoto E. Characteristic features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japan with a focus on the roles of age, sex and body mass index. Gut Liver. 2020;14(5):537\u2013545","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"11123_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791500","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1791500","volume":"2023","author":"Y Alnimer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alnimer Y, Alnimer T. Prediction of liver steatosis and fibrosis based on clinical variables using a large national survey database. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;2023:1791500","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"11123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i7.652","volume":"30","author":"QJ He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He QJ, Li YF, Zhao LT, Lin CT, Yu CY, Wang D. Recent advances in age-related metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(7):652\u2013662","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101271","volume":"7","author":"G Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng G, Targher G, Byrne CD, Yilmaz Y, Wai-Sun Wong V, Adithya Lesmana CR, et al. Global burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, 2010 to 2021. JHEP Rep. 2025;7(3): 101271","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"11123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","volume":"15","author":"Z Younossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(1):11\u201320","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","volume":"70","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, Fairweather D, Win S, Than TA, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology. 2019;70(4):1457\u20131469","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"11123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32774","volume":"77","author":"TC Yip","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yip TC, Vilar-Gomez E, Petta S, Yilmaz Y, Wong GL, Adams LA, et al. Geographical similarity and differences in the burden and genetic predisposition of NAFLD. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1404\u20131427","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Hepatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:09:17Z","timestamp":1783102157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["11123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-026-11123-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0533","1936-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ming-Lung Yu received research support from Abbvie, Abbott Diagnostic, BMS, Gilead, Merck, Novo Nordisc and Roche diagnostics; served as consultant of Abbvie, Abbott Diagnostic, BMS, Gilead, Novo Nordisc, Roche and Roche diagnostics, and speaker of Abbvie, BMS, Eisai, Gilead, Roche and Roche diagnostics. Ming-Lun Yeh; Pei-Chien Tsai; Chung-Feng Huang; Chih-Wen Wang; Yi-Hung Lin; Tyng-Yuan Jang; Po-Cheng Liang; Yu-Ju Wei; Ming-Yen Hsieh; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Hwai-I Yang, Ya-Yun Cheng, I-Jung Feng, Jee-Fu Huang; Chia-Yen Dai; Wan-Long Chuang had nothing to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board of the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital approved the study. Inform consent was waived (de-identification database study). The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. All access and use of the data from the Taiwan Biobank and MJ Health Research Foundation was approved by the Ethics and Governance Council (EGC) of Taiwan Biobank (approval number: TWBR11402-02) and MJ Health Research Foundation (authorization code: MJHRF2024012A).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}