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Autoantibodies against the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1 have been detected in patients with chronic AIH (C-AIH). To clarify the clinical and pathological significance of anti-PD-1 autoantibodies, we examined their association with the clinical features of patients with liver diseases, including A-AIH, C-AIH, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We compared the clinical characteristics and serum anti-PD-1 autoantibody titers of patients with A-AIH, C-AIH, PBC, and DILI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 72, 45, 41, and 19, respectively). Correlations between autoantibody titers and biochemical parameters were assessed to identify the factors that discriminate between the diseases. To reduce non-specific IgG response, anti-PD-1 autoantibody titers were normalized to the serum IgG levels. The liver histology was evaluated in a subset of patients with AIH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A-AIH caused severe liver parenchymal and portal inflammation. The anti-PD-1\/IgG ratio showed positive correlations with AST and ALT, but only weak correlations with ALP and \u03b3-GTP. Anti\u2013PD-1\/IgG ratio was the highest in A-AIH, followed by DILI, C-AIH and PBC. Histological findings showed that anti\u2013PD-1\/IgG ratio was associated with severe inflammation, but not with centrilobular necrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The serum anti-PD-1 autoantibody\/IgG ratio was significantly elevated in A-AIH compared with that in C-AIH and PBC, and A-AIH was independently distinguished from C-AIH. These markers may assist with the assessment of acute-onset liver inflammation and clinical phenotyping of AIH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-026-11152-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:17:54Z","timestamp":1790695074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and pathological significance of serum anti-PD-1 autoantibodies in acute-onset and chronic autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Oda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinobu","family":"Takaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruko","family":"Arinaga-Hino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Ohira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Sue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuto","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwa","family":"Kawanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"11152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02065434","volume":"40","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1995","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. 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