{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T12:21:33Z","timestamp":1781007693857,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Transl Oncol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T06:13:33Z","timestamp":1753251213000},"page":"58-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic potential and challenges of immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a review of mechanisms and clinical advances"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zengzhao","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2214-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4003_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2023.2195166","volume":"23","author":"E Lilly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lilly E, Sarkis J, Mahmoud O, El Gharib K, Sarkis P, Nemr E. Novel breakthroughs in advanced prostate cancer management. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2023;23:369\u201373.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"4003_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.100962","volume":"68","author":"M Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai M, Song XL, Li XA, Chen M, Guo J, Yang DH, et al. Current therapy and drug resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Drug Resist Updat. 2023;68:14.","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"4003_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.859785","author":"A Mulvey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulvey A, Muggeo-Bertin E, Berthold DR, Herrera FG. Overcoming immune resistance with radiation therapy in prostate cancer. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.859785.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4003_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102057","volume":"88","author":"M Claps","year":"2020","unstructured":"Claps M, Mennitto A, Guadalupi V, Sepe P, Stellato M, Zattarin E, et al. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and metastatic prostate cancer therapy: Learning by making mistakes. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020;88:10.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"4003_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7970265","author":"D Ba Dziul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ba Dziul D, Jakubczyk P, Chotorlishvili L, Toklikishvilie Z, Traciak J, Jakubowicz-Gil J, et al. Mathematical prostate cancer evolution: effect of immunotherapy based on controlled vaccination strategy. Comput Math Methods Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7970265.","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"4003_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.07.035","volume":"151","author":"CM Sha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sha CM, Lehrer EJ, Hwang C, Trifiletti DM, Mackley HB, Drabick JJ, et al. Toxicity in combination immune checkpoint inhibitor and radiation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2020;151:141\u20138.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.07.032","volume":"78","author":"K Fizazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fizazi K, Drake CG, Beer TM, Kwon ED, Scher HI, Gerritsen WR, et al. Final analysis of the ipilimumab versus placebo following radiotherapy phase III trial in postdocetaxel metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer identifies an excess of long-term survivors. Eur Urol. 2020;78:822\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4003_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96376-7_7","volume":"183","author":"K Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu K, Chiu KY, Cheng CL. Immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancy: evolution in revolution or revolution in evolution. Cancer Treat Res. 2022;183:201\u201323.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res"},{"key":"4003_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2019.01.002","volume":"2","author":"G Pignot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pignot G, Loriot Y, Kamat AM, Shariat SF, Plimack ER. Effect of immunotherapy on local treatment of genitourinary malignancies. Eur Urol Oncol. 2019;2:355\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2022.12.004","volume":"22","author":"SA Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel SA, Baumann B, Michalski J, Brenneman R, Zheng B, Gay H, et al. Association of brachytherapy boost with overall survival for Gleason 9\u201310 prostate cancer: the impact of primary versus secondary pattern 5. Brachytherapy. 2023;22:310\u20136.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"4003_CR11","first-page":"20","volume":"19","author":"P Twardowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Twardowski P, Wong JYC, Pal SK, Maughan BL, Frankel PH, Franklin K, et al. Randomized phase II trial of sipuleucel-T immunotherapy preceded by sensitizing radiation therapy and sipuleucel-T alone in patients with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2019;19:20.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun"},{"key":"4003_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107322","volume":"385","author":"O Sartor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sartor O, de Bono J, Chi KN, Fizazi K, Herrmann K, Rahbar K, et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1091\u2013103.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4003_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0310-3","volume":"17","author":"Y Philippou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Philippou Y, Sjoberg H, Lamb AD, Camilleri P, Bryant RJ. Harnessing the potential of multimodal radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2020;17:321\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"4003_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T109","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-21-0073","volume":"28","author":"ML Sandoval","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandoval ML, Dohm A, Yamoah K. Management of early-stage metastatic prostate cancer: appraisal of locoregional treatments and radiation therapy, with or without immunomodulation. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2021;28:T109\u201320.","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"4003_CR15","unstructured":"Rog\u00e9 M, Pointreau Y, Sargos P, Meyer E, Schick U, Hasbini A et al. Randomized phase II trial in prostate cancer with hormone-sensitive.pdf. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology; 2023."},{"key":"4003_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"019","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5977-6","volume":"19","author":"DA Palma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palma DA, Olson R, Harrow S, Correa RJM, Schneiders F, Haasbeek CJA, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the comprehensive treatment of 4\u201310 oligometastatic tumors (SABR-COMET-10): study protocol for a randomized phase III trial. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:019\u20135977.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"4003_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101655","volume":"9","author":"CJ Eule","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eule CJ, Candelario N, Nath SK, Robin TP. Time to next systemic therapy after stereotactic body radiation therapy for oligoprogressive metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2024;9: 101655.","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000792","volume":"8","author":"SP Keam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keam SP, Halse H, Nguyen T, Wang M, Van Kooten LN, Mitchell C, et al. High dose-rate brachytherapy of localized prostate cancer converts tumors from cold to hot. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:2020\u2013000792.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4003_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"019","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0704-z","volume":"7","author":"SO Dudzinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dudzinski SO, Cameron BD, Wang J, Rathmell JC, Giorgio TD, Kirschner AN. Combination immunotherapy and radiotherapy causes an abscopal treatment response in a mouse model of castration resistant prostate cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:019\u20130704.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4003_CR20","first-page":"300","volume":"74","author":"W Lasek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lasek W, Zapa\u0142a \u0141. Therapeutic metastatic prostate cancer vaccines: lessons learnt from urologic oncology. Cent European J Urol. 2021;74:300\u20137.","journal-title":"Cent European J Urol"},{"key":"4003_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110588","volume":"34","author":"T Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo T, Nash GT, Jiang X, Feng X, Mao J, Liu J, et al. A 2D nanoradiosensitizer enhances radiotherapy and delivers STING agonists to potentiate cancer immunotherapy. Adv Mater. 2022;34: e2110588.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"4003_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147922","author":"D Lindner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lindner D, Arndt C, Loureiro LR, Feldmann A, Kegler A, Koristka S, et al. Combining radiation- with immunotherapy in prostate cancer: influence of radiation on T cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23147922.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4003_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2174721","author":"B Palermo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palermo B, Bottero M, Panetta M, Faiella A, Sperduti I, Masi S, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy in 3 fractions induces a favorable systemic immune cell profiling in prostate cancer patients. Oncoimmunology. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2174721.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"4003_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.744679","author":"L Ollivier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ollivier L, Labb\u00e9 M, Fradin D, Potiron V, Supiot S. Interaction between modern radiotherapy and immunotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Front Oncol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.744679.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1159\/000491909","volume":"48","author":"Z Tao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tao Z, Xu S, Ruan H, Wang T, Song W, Qian L, et al. MiR-195\/-16 family enhances radiotherapy via T cell activation in the tumor microenvironment by blocking the PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;48:801\u201314.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"4003_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2018.09.013","volume":"2","author":"AA Solanki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solanki AA, Bossi A, Efstathiou JA, Lock D, Mondini M, Ramapriyan R, et al. Combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy for the treatment of genitourinary malignancies. Eur Urol Oncol. 2019;2:79\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.08.011","volume":"81","author":"EM Kwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwan EM, Spain L, Anton A, Gan CL, Garrett L, Chang D, et al. Avelumab combined with stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the phase 2 ICE-PAC clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2022;81:253\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4003_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01979-x","volume":"9","author":"B Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu B, Zhang B, Li B, Wu H, Jiang M. Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:274.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4003_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2022.10.009","volume":"22","author":"AT Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen AT, Liu CS, Kamrava M. A \u201cscoping\u201d review of prostate brachytherapy and immune responses. Brachytherapy. 2023;22:21\u20139.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"4003_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2020.10.010","volume":"4","author":"I Heidegger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heidegger I, Necchi A, Pircher A, Tsaur I, Marra G, Kasivisvanathan V, et al. A systematic review of the emerging role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: will combination strategies improve efficacy? Eur Urol Oncol. 2021;4:745\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"4003_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1496881","volume":"7","author":"F Eckert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eckert F, Schaedle P, Zips D, Schmid-Horch B, Rammensee HG, Gani C, et al. Impact of curative radiotherapy on the immune status of patients with localized prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7: e1496881.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"4003_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063500","volume":"13","author":"NJ Spindler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spindler NJ, Persson GF, Theile S, Nielsen DL, H\u00f8gdall EV, Al-Farra G, et al. Randomised phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CheckPRO): a study protocol. BMJ Open. 2023;13:2022\u2013063500.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4003_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0254-y","volume":"24","author":"Z Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan Z, Fernandez D, Dhillon J, Abraham-Miranda J, Awasthi S, Kim Y, et al. Proof-of-principle phase I results of combining nivolumab with brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy for Grade Group 5 prostate cancer: safety, feasibility, and exploratory analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2021;24:140\u20139.","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"4003_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02636-x","volume":"42","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Huang T, Hua J, Wang Q, Su Y, Chen P, et al. CD46 targeted (212)Pb alpha particle radioimmunotherapy for prostate cancer treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023;42:023\u201302636.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4003_CR35","first-page":"274","volume":"33","author":"M Kesavan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kesavan M, Turner JH, Meyrick D, Yeo S, Cardaci G, Lenzo NP. Salvage radiopeptide therapy of advanced castrate-resistant prostate cancer with lutetium-177-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen: efficacy and safety in routine practice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2018;33:274\u201381.","journal-title":"Cancer Biother Radiopharm"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:02:00Z","timestamp":1768089720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12094-025-04003-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1699-3055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1699-3055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}