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Epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between tattoo exposure and the incidence of skin cancer and hematological malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 2026 for cohort and case\u2013control studies comparing cancer incidence in tattooed versus non-tattooed adults. Random-effects meta-analyses using restricted maximum-likelihood estimators were performed to pool odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was quantified using\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-E, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven observational studies including 140,841 participants were analyzed. Tattoo exposure was not associated with overall skin cancer (OR 0.92; 95%CI 0.83\u20131.04;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.179). Stratified analyses by number of tattoo sessions showed no significant associations: one session (OR 1.08; 95%CI 0.55\u20132.12;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200992.4%), two-to-three sessions (OR 0.90; 95%CI 0.62\u20131.32;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200963.2%), and\u2009\u2265\u20094 sessions (OR 0.70; 95%CI 0.29\u20131.70;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200988.5%). For hematological malignancies, pooled analysis showed no significant association (OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.78\u20131.32;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200964.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.910). Subtype analyses were non-significant: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR 1.00; 95%CI 0.73\u20131.36;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.7%), Hodgkin lymphoma (OR 1.19; 95%CI 0.59\u20132.40;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200991.7%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR 0.90; 95%CI 0.57\u20131.44;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200961.7%), T-cell lymphoma (OR 1.07; 95%CI 0.61\u20131.88;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%), and follicular lymphoma (OR 0.99; 95%CI 0.72\u20131.36;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.9%). Sensitivity analysis excluding one influential study rendered the association for overall hematological malignancies statistically significant (OR 1.20; 95%CI 1.05\u20131.39;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%). Certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tattoo exposure was not associated with increased skin cancer risk and showed no significant association with hematological malignancies in primary analyses. A significant association emerged only after sensitivity analysis, warranting cautious interpretation and further prospective investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-026-04388-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:59:07Z","timestamp":1780729147000},"page":"5570-5580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is tattooing associated with an increased risk of cancer? 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