{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T15:59:05Z","timestamp":1789747145265,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T03:49:11Z","timestamp":1738640951000},"page":"1337-1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fluid Management in ELGANs: Striking the Perfect Balance!"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4248-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2386-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepika","family":"Kainth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8939-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Thukral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1474-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Jeeva","family":"Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","volume":"6","author":"J Perin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perin J, Mulick A, Yeung D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201319: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022;6:106\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5439_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","volume":"402","author":"EO Ohuma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2023;402:1261\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5439_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, et al. Eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development neonatal research network. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993\u20132012. JAMA. 2015;314:1039\u201351.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244"},{"key":"5439_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.70","volume":"34","author":"TNK Raju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raju TNK, Mercer BM, Burchfield DJ, Joseph GF. Periviable birth: executive summary of a joint workshop by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American College of Obstetricians and gynecologists. J Perinatol. 2014;34:333\u201342.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"5439_CR5","first-page":"CD005389","volume":"2","author":"KJ Barrington","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barrington KJ, Fortin-Pellerin E, Pennaforte T. Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2:CD005389.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03950-2","volume":"180","author":"CA Ruys","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruys CA, van de Lagemaat M, Rotteveel J, Finken MJJ, Lafeber HN. Improving long-term health outcomes of preterm infants: how to implement the findings of nutritional intervention studies into daily clinical practice. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180:1665\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR7","first-page":"CD000503","volume":"2014","author":"EF Bell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bell EF, Acarregui MJ. Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014:CD000503.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5439_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.006","volume":"233","author":"MA Rysavy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rysavy MA, Mehler K, Oberth\u00fcr A, et al. An immature science: intensive care for infants born at \u2264\u200923 weeks of gestation. J Pediatr. 2021;233:16\u201325.e1.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR9","first-page":"329","volume":"40","author":"EE Ziegler","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ziegler EE, O\u2019Donnell AM, Nelson SE, Fomon SJ. Body composition of the reference fetus. Growth. 1976;40:329\u201341.","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"5439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09852.x","volume":"305","author":"B Friis-Hansen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friis-Hansen B. Water distribution in the foetus and newborn infant. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1983;305:7\u201311.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"5439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2021.151541","volume":"46","author":"J \u00c5gren","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c5gren J, Segar JL, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m F, Bell EF. Fluid management considerations in extremely preterm infants born at 22\u201324 weeks of gestation. Semin Perinatol. 2022;46:151541.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"5439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13824.x","volume":"84","author":"T Riesenfeld","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riesenfeld T, Hammarlund K, Sedin G. Respiratory water loss in relation to gestational age in infants on their first day after birth. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84:1056\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1093526620976831","volume":"24","author":"RC Reed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reed RC, Johnson DE, Nie AM. Preterm infant skin structure is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of term newborns. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2021;24:96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"5439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09801.x","volume":"72","author":"K Hammarlund","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hammarlund K, Sedin G, Str\u00f6mberg B. Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. VIII. Relation to gestational age and post-natal age in appropriate and small for gestational age infants. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983;72:721\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"5439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1979.tb08214.x","volume":"68","author":"K Hammarlund","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hammarlund K, Sedin G. Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III. Relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979;68:795\u2013801.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"5439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8568","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06015-11","volume":"77","author":"MC de Goffau","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Goffau MC, Bergman KA, de Vries HJ, et al. Cold spots in neonatal incubators are hot spots for microbial contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:8568\u201372.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"5439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.11.027","volume":"148","author":"J Agren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Agren J, Sj\u00f6rs G, Sedin G. Ambient humidity influences the rate of skin barrier maturation in extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2006;148:613\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-190309","volume":"13","author":"JL Segar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segar JL. A physiological approach to fluid and electrolyte management of the preterm infant: review. J Neonatal Perinat Med. 2020;13:11\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinat Med"},{"key":"5439_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12099.x","volume":"81","author":"S Kjartansson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kjartansson S, Hammarlund K, Sedin G. Insensible water loss from the skin during phototherapy in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81:764\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.9.886","volume":"59","author":"CW Fitch","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fitch CW, Korones SB. Heat shield reduces water loss. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:886\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5439_CR21","first-page":"414","volume":"61","author":"S Nangia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nangia S, Paul VK, Deorari AK, Sreenivas V, Agarwal R, Chawla D. Topical oil application and trans-epidermal water loss in preterm very low birth weight infants-A randomized trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2015;61:414\u201320.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211260","volume":"25","author":"V Bhandari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bhandari V, Brodsky N, Porat R. Improved outcome of extremely low birth weight infants with Tegaderm application to skin. J Perinatol. 2005;25:276\u201381.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"5439_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021504","volume":"494","author":"KJ Gibson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gibson KJ, Lumbers ER. The effects of continuous drainage of fetal fluids on salt and water balance in fetal sheep. J Physiol. 1996;494:443\u201350.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"5439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.11.002","volume":"22","author":"JL Segar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Segar JL. Renal adaptive changes and sodium handling in the fetal-to-newborn transition. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;22:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"5439_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199411000-00005","volume":"36","author":"A Bueva","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bueva A, Guignard JP. Renal function in preterm neonates. Pediatr Res. 1994;36:572\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"5439_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1994.tb03173.x","volume":"36","author":"N Takahashi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Hoshi J, Nishida H. Water balance, electrolytes and acid-base balance in extremely premature infants. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1994;36:250\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Jpn"},{"key":"5439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F149","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00439.2013","volume":"307","author":"L Gubhaju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gubhaju L, Sutherland MR, Horne RSC, et al. Assessment of renal functional maturation and injury in preterm neonates during the first month of life. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2014;307:F149\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"5439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1178-1","volume":"18","author":"MM Delgado","year":"2003","unstructured":"Delgado MM, Rohatgi R, Khan S, Holzman IR, Satlin LM. Sodium and potassium clearances by the maturing kidney: clinical-molecular correlates. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:759\u201367.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70128-8","volume":"131","author":"JM Lorenz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lorenz JM, Kleinman LI, Markarian K. Potassium metabolism in extremely low birth weight infants in the first week of life. J Pediatr. 1997;131:81\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.482","volume":"104","author":"SA Omar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Omar SA, DeCristofaro JD, Agarwal BI, La Gamma EF. Effects of prenatal steroids on water and sodium homeostasis in extremely low birth weight neonates. Pediatrics. 1999;104:482\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5439_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e436","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12338","volume":"102","author":"SB R\u00f6hr","year":"2013","unstructured":"R\u00f6hr SB, Sauer H, Gortner L, Gr\u00e4ber S, Meyer S. Cardiovascular and metabolic side effects associated with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone use in VLBW infants: a single-centre experience. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:e436.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000243252","volume":"58","author":"I Gillot","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gillot I, Gouyon JB, Guignard JP. Renal effects of caffeine in preterm infants. Biol Neonate. 1990;58:133\u20136.","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"5439_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198003133021103","volume":"302","author":"EF Bell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bell EF, Warburton D, Stonestreet BS, Oh W. Effect of fluid administration on the development of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure in premature infants. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:598\u2013604.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5439_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.06.039","volume":"147","author":"W Oh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oh W, Poindexter BB, Perritt R, et al. Neonatal Research Network. Association between fluid intake and weight loss during the first ten days of life and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2005;147:786\u201390.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.07.004","volume":"38","author":"KJ Barrington","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barrington KJ. Management during the first 72\u00a0h of age of the periviable infant: an evidence-based review. Semin Perinatol. 2014;38:17\u201324.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"5439_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114558303","volume":"40","author":"B Isemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Isemann B, Mueller EW, Narendran V, Akinbi H. Impact of early sodium supplementation on hyponatremia and growth in premature infants: a randomized controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2016;40:342\u20139.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"5439_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13556.x","volume":"84","author":"M Vanp\u00e9e","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vanp\u00e9e M, Herin P, Broberger U, Aperia A. Sodium supplementation optimizes weight gain in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84:1312\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.948","volume":"37","author":"F Jochum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jochum F, Moltu SJ, Senterre T, Nomayo A, Goulet O, Iacobelli S. ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN Working Group on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition. ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: fluid and electrolytes. Clin Nutr. 2018;37:2344\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"5439_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003642","volume":"76","author":"ND Embleton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Embleton ND, Jennifer Moltu S, Lapillonne A, et al. Enteral nutrition in preterm infants (2022): a position paper from the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and Invited experts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;76:248\u201368.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"5439_CR40","first-page":"CD005257","volume":"2012","author":"P Vemgal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vemgal P, Ohlsson A. Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012:CD005257.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5439_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2012.03721.x","volume":"54","author":"M Enomoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enomoto M, Minami H, Takano T, Katayama Y, Lee YK. High-dose calcium reduces early-onset hyperkalemia in extremely preterm neonates. Pediatr Int. 2012;54:918\u201322.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"5439_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867715","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.867715","volume":"10","author":"A Branagan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Branagan A, Costigan CS, Stack M, Slagle C, Molloy EJ. Management of acute kidney injury in extremely low birth weight infants. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:867715.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"5439_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxab085","volume":"27","author":"S Mitra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitra S, Weisz D, Jain A, Jong G\u2019. Management of the patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Paediatr Child Health. 2022;27:63\u20134.","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"5439_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.11-9-e495","volume":"11","author":"R Mosalli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mosalli R, Paes B. Patent ductus arteriosus: optimal fluid requirements in preterm infants. NeoReviews. 2010;11:e495\u2013502.","journal-title":"NeoReviews"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1764100925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12098-025-05439-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5456","0973-7693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5456","type":"print"},{"value":"0973-7693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}