{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:35:15Z","timestamp":1792452915419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head and Neck Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T01:02:47Z","timestamp":1610931767000},"page":"787-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Oral Manifestations of Syphilis: a Review of the Clinical and Histopathologic Characteristics of a Reemerging Entity with Report of 19 New Cases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly Housley","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Vargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Ann","family":"Bilodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Mark","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Trzcinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carleigh R.","family":"Canterbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Fantasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshwant B.","family":"Rawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0127-0","volume":"3","author":"G Ficarra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ficarra G, Carlos R. Syphilis: the renaissance of an old disease with oral implications. Head Neck Pathol. 2009;3(3):195\u2013206.","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12058","volume":"19","author":"S Leuci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leuci S, Martina S, Adamo D, Ruoppo E, Santarelli A, Sorrentino R, Favia G, Mignogna M. Oral Syphilis: a retrospective analysis of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Oral Dis. 2013;19(8):738\u201346.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"1283_CR3","volume-title":"Oral and maxillofacial pathology","author":"BW Neville","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neville BW, et al. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"5","key":"1283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.10.023","volume":"48","author":"LF Schuch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schuch LF, da Silva KD, de Arruda JAA, Etges A, Gomes APN, Mesquita RA, Vasconcelos ACU, Tarquinio SBC. Forty cases of acquired oral syphilis and a review of the literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;48(5):635\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"1283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32411-4","volume":"389","author":"EW Hook III","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hook EW III. Syphilis. Lancet. 2017;389:1550\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.6.1361","volume":"21","author":"EC Tramont","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tramont EC. Syphilis in adults: from Christopher Columbus to Sir Alexander Fleming to AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21(6):1361\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/21.6.1361.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1283_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/syphilis\/stdfact-msm-syphilis.htm. Accessed on 13 Apr 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"1283_CR8","first-page":"e138","volume":"23","author":"RS de Andrade","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Andrade RS, de Freitas EM, Rocha BA, Gusm\u00e3o ES, Filho MR, J\u00fanior HM. Oral findings in secondary syphilis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e138\u201343.","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.04.028","volume":"117","author":"N Kelner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelner N, Rabelo GD, da Cruz Perez DE, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o JN Jr, Witzel AL, Migliari DA, Alves FA. Analysis of nonspecific oral mucosal and dermal lesions suggestive of syphilis: a report of 6 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;117(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.03.008","volume":"20","author":"CE Seibt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seibt CE, Munerato MC. Secondary syphilis in the oral cavity and the role of the dental surgeon in STD prevention, diagnosis and treatment: a case series study. Braz J Infect Dis. 2016;20(4):393\u20138.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.05.013","volume":"108","author":"D Compilato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Compilato D, Amato S, Campisi G. Resurgence of syphilis: a diagnosis based on unusual oral mucosa lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(3):e45\u20139.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.07.015","volume":"72","author":"M Hertel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hertel M, Matter D, Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Bornstein MM. Oral syphilis: a series of 5 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(2):338\u201345.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"1283_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980798","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1980798","volume":"217","author":"WA Eyer-Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eyer-Silva WA, Freire MAL, Horta-Araujo CA, Almeida Rosa da Silva G, Francisco da Cunha Pinto J, Raphael de Almeida Ferry F. Secondary syphilis presenting as glossodynia,\u00a0plaques en Prairie Fauch\u00e9e, and a split papule at the oral commissure: case report and review. Case Rep Med. 2017;217:1980798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/1980798.","journal-title":"Case Rep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2017.1401838","volume":"31","author":"J Kaufman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Garcia B, Horrall S. Syphilis at age 15 years. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2018;31(1):105\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12085","volume":"58","author":"EM Minicucci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minicucci EM, Vieira RA, Oliveira DT, Marques SA. Oral manifestations of secondary syphilis in the elderly\u2014a timely reminder for dentists. Aust Dent J. 2013;58(3):368\u201370.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-015-0623-3","volume":"10","author":"PN Carbone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carbone PN, Capra GG, Nelson BL. Oral secondary syphilis. Head Neck Pathol. 2016;10(2):206\u20138.","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"1283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2006.06072.x","volume":"4","author":"S Lautenschlager","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lautenschlager S. Diagnosis of syphilis: clinical and laboratory problems. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2006;4:1058\u201375.","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"1283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.04.007","volume":"35","author":"LF de Paulo","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Paulo LF, Servato JP, Oliveira MT, Durighetto AF Jr., Zanetta-Barbosa D. Oral manifestations of secondary syphilis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;35:40\u20132.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70150-5","volume":"11","author":"D Mabey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mabey D, Peeling RW. Syphilis, still a major cause of infant mortality. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:654\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1283_CR20","unstructured":"WHO-WPRO. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis. www.wpro.who.int\/hiv\/topics\/pmtct\/en\/. Accessed 5 May 2020."},{"issue":"S4","key":"1283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053069","volume":"93","author":"HD Gliddon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gliddon HD, Peeling RW, Kamb ML, Toskin I, Wi TE, Taylor MM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the performance and operational characteristics of dual point-of-care tests for HIV and syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(S4):S3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053069.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"1283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226614","volume":"14","author":"R Hart-Malloy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hart-Malloy R, Rosenthal M, Patterson W, Currenti S, O\u2019Donnell T, Gunn JK. Syphilis among adult males with a history of male-to-male sexual contact living with diagnosed HIV in New York State (excluding New York City): The challenge of intersecting epidemics. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(12):e0226614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226614.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S363","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001412","volume":"75","author":"Q An","year":"2017","unstructured":"An Q, Wejnert C, Bernstein K, Paz-Bailey G, Group NS. Syphilis screening and diagnosis among men who have sex with men, 2008\u20132014, 20 U.S. Cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 3):S363\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001412.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"15","key":"1283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012","volume":"18","author":"K Buchacz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buchacz K, Patel P, Taylor M, Kerndt PR, Byers RH, Holmberg SD, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections. AIDS. 2004;18(15):2075\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244206.41500.27","volume":"20","author":"V Mwapasa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Kwiek JJ, et al. Maternal syphilis infection is associated with increased risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi. AIDS. 2006;20:1869\u201377.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"1283_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)00484-5","volume":"49","author":"C Aquilina","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aquilina C, Viraben R, Denis P. Secondary syphilis simulating oral hairy leukoplakia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(4):749\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"1283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02926.x","volume":"23","author":"AM Mignogna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mignogna AM, Fortuna G, Leuci S, Mignoga C, Delfino M. Secondary syphilis mimicking pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:479\u201380.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"1283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa176","volume":"71","author":"ES Theel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Theel ES, Katz SS, Pillay A. Molecular and direct detection tests for Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum: a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(Supplement_1):S4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa176.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1283_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0904-2512.2004.00099.x","volume":"33","author":"AW Barrett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrett AW, Villarroel Dorrego M, Hodgson TA, Porter SR, Hopper C, Argiriadou AS, Speight PM. The histopathology of syphilis of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33(5):286\u201391.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.062","volume":"73","author":"A Flamm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flamm A, Parikh K, Xie Q, Kwon EJ, Elston DM5. Histologic features of secondary syphilis: a multicenter retrospective review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73(6):1025\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1283_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2008.10.017","volume":"40","author":"G Mart\u00edn-Ezquerra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Ezquerra G, Fernandez-Casado A, Barco D, Jucgl\u00e0 A, Juanpere-Rodero N, Manresa JM, de Almeida LM, Rodr\u00edguez-Peralto JL, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, Barranco C, Lloreta J, Requena L, Pujol RM. Treponema pallidum distribution patterns in mucocutaneous lesions of primary and secondary syphilis: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol. 2009;40(5):624\u201330.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1283_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2015.01.003","volume":"19","author":"LR Strieder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strieder LR, Le\u00f3n JE, Carvalho YR, Kaminagakura E. Oral syphilis: report of three cases and characterization of the inflammatory cells. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2015;19(2):76\u201380.","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1283_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001443","volume":"41","author":"C Pettit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettit C, McMurray S, Randall MB, Jones A, Fisher K. Highlighting a potential pitfall: positive Treponemapallidum immunohistochemical stain in a patient without syphilis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2019;41(12):924\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001443.","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"}],"container-title":["Head and Neck Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1659081966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-020-01283-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This retrospective review study involving de-identified human participants was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Consent was waived or the cases were exempt in accordance with the institutional review boards at the institutions from where the cases originated (the University of Kentucky, the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Northwell Health Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Columbia University Medical Center, and University of Tennessee College of Dentistry).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}