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This study explores the immune microenvironment in OED, hypothesizing that immune signatures could aid in diagnostic differentiation and predict malignant transformation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tissue samples from OED and OLP cases were analyzed using immunofluorescence\/immunohistochemistry (IF\/IHC) for CD4, CD8, CD163\/STAT1, and PD-1\/PDL-1 expression. RNA-sequencing was performed on the samples, and data was subjected to CIBERSORTx analysis for immune cell composition. Gene Ontology analysis on the immune differentially expressed genes was also conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In OED, CD8\u2009+\u2009T-cells infiltrated dysplastic epithelium, correlating with dysplasia severity. CD4\u2009+\u2009lymphocytes increased in the basal layer. STAT1\/CD163\u2009+\u2009macrophages correlated with CD4\u2009+\u2009intraepithelial distribution. PD-1\/PDL-1 expression varied. IF\/IHC analysis revealed differential immune cell composition between OED and OLP. RNA-sequencing identified upregulated genes associated with cytotoxic response and immunosurveillance in OED. Downregulated genes were linked to signaling, immune cell recruitment, and tumor suppression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The immune microenvironment distinguishes OED and OLP, suggesting diagnostic potential. Upregulated genes indicate cytotoxic immune response in OED. Downregulation of <jats:italic>TRADD<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CX3CL1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ILI24<\/jats:italic> implies dysregulation in <jats:italic>TNFR1<\/jats:italic> signaling, immune recruitment, and tumor suppression. This study contributes to the foundation for understanding immune interactions in OED and OLP, offering insights into future objective diagnostic avenues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-024-01624-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1709884921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immunophenotypic and Gene Expression Analyses of the Inflammatory Microenvironment in High-Grade Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Lichen Planus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Flores-Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Phero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Steward-Tharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Paquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152072","volume":"226","author":"TM Ferrisse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrisse TM, de Oliveira AB, Pala\u00e7on MP, Silva EV, Massucato EMS, de Almeida LY et al (2021) The role of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. 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